Table 1 Characteristics of the participants and data on exposure, renal markers and prevalence of illness grouped according to area and gender

Men

N

9

9

12

10

40

71

52

54

53

230

80

61

66

64

270

Age (yrs)

M (SD)

44.5 (2.8)

54.6 (3.1)

64.6 (2.9)

76.4 (4.9)

61.1 (12.4)

44.1 (2.7)

52.0 (3.2)

63.7 (2.7)

75.6 (4.4)

55.6 (14.0)

44.5 (2.7)

54.2 (3.2)

63.9 (2.8)

75.7 (4.5)

56.3 (13.9)

Urinary Cd (μg/g Creat)

GM (GSD)

0.4 (2.5)

0.5 (2.1)

0.7 (1.4)

0.5 (1.8)

0.5 (1.9)

5.9 (1.8)

7.0 (2.0)

6.9 (1.7)

6.3 (2.0)

6.3 (1.9)

4.4 (2.9)

4.8 (3.3)

4.5 (2.8)

4.1 (3.2)

4.5 (2.9)

Blood cadmium (μg/L)

GM (GSD)

0.9 (2.7)

0.7 (2.5)

1.0 (1.8)

0.9 (2.0)

0.9 (2.2)

6.1 (1.9)

6.7 (1.9)

7.8 (1.8)

7.3 (1.8)

6.9 (1.9)

4.9 (2.5)

4.9 (2.8)

5.4 (2.7)

5.1 (2.7)

5.1 (2.7)

ß2-MG (μg/g Creat)

GM (GSD)

133 (2.2)

124 (3.4)

214 (3.6)

832 (3.5)

249.6 (4.0)

101 (3.6)

500 (8.9)

567 (8.6)

2221 (11.3)

443.3 (9.9)

104 (3.5)

407 (8.4)

475 (7.8)

1876 (9.8)

407.2 (9.0)

NAG (IU/g Creat)

GM (GSD)

3.3 (1.6)

5.5 (2.2)

4.7 (1.7)

8.0 (2.5)

5.2 (2.1)

4.2 (1.7)

5.3 (1.9)

6.1 (1.7)

7.9 (1.7)

5.3 (1.9)

4.1 (1.7)

5.4 (2.0)

5.8 (1.7)

7.9 (1.8)

5.3 (1.9)

Smoking habit

 Ex-smokers

%

44.4

55.6

45.5

36.4

45.0

25.4

28.8

35.2

54.7

31.2

27.5

32.8

36.9

51.6

33.0

 Smokers

%

44.4

44.4

36.4

36.4

40.0

67.6

67.3

61.1

41.5

53.1

65

63.9

56.9

40.6

51.3

Prevalence of illness

 Hypertension

%

22.2

22.2

41.7

36.4

32.5

8.5

19.2

27.8

50.9

22.3

10

19.7

30.3

48.4

23.7

 Diabetes

%

0.0

11.1

8.3

0.0

5.0

1.4

1.9

1.9

5.7

2.3

1.3

3.3

3.0

4.7

2.7

 Nephrolithiasis

%

0.0

0.0

8.3

0.0

2.5

4.2

11.5

5.6

3.8

5.4

3.8

9.8

6.1

3.1

5.0

Women

N

10

16

9

6

41

108

119

96

47

370

118

135

105

53

411

Age (yrs)

M (SD)

46.3 (2.7)

54.9 (2.6)

64.2 (2.8)

77.2 (5.4)

58.1 (10.5)

44.6 (3.0)

54.2 (3.0)

64.1 (3.1)

74.8 (4.6)

53.1 (12.7)

44.7(3.0)

54.3 (2.9)

64.1 (3.1)

75.1 (4.7)

53.5 (12.6)

Urinary Cd (μg/g Creat)

GM (GSD)

0.8 (2.3)

1.3 (2.0)

1.0 (3.2)

1.3 (1.8)

1.1 (2.3)

6.5 (2.1)

7.6 (1.9)

7.5 (2.0)

6.5 (1.8)

7.0 (1.9)

5.4 (2.6)

6.1 (2.3)

6.3 (2.5)

5.4 (2.2)

5.9 (2.3)

Blood cadmium (μg/L)

GM (GSD)

0.5 (1.7)

1.0 (2.1)

0.9 (2.1)

1.1 (1.9)

0.8 (2.1)

4.5 (2.2)

5.7 (1.9)

5.7 (2.0)

5.1 (1.8)

5.2 (2.0)

3.7 (2.7)

4.6 (2.4)

4.9 (2.4)

4.3 (2.2)

4.4 (2.5)

ß2-MG (μg/g Creat)

GM (GSD)

43.9 (2.2)

160 (4.2)

260 (6.4)

1952 (8.9)

187.2 (6.6)

151.9 (6.5)

154 (4.7)

311 (8.1)

397 (7.6)

207.7 (6.6)

137 (6.3)

155 (4.6)

307 (7.9)

475 (8.0)

205.6 (6.6)

NAG (IU/g Creat)

GM (GSD)

2.7 (1.7)

5.3 (2.3)

4.6 (2.1)

10.7 (2.0)

4.8 (2.3)

4.9 (1.7)

5.6 (1.7)

6.6 (1.8)

8.6 (1.8)

5.7 (1.9)

4.6 (1.8)

5.6 (1.8)

6.4 (1.9)

8.8 (1.8)

5.6 (1.9)

Smoking habit

 Ex-smokers

%

0.0

6.3

44.4

83.3

24.4

11.1

27.7

53.1

42.6

26.4

10.2

25.2

52.4

47.2

26.2

 Smokers

%

0.0

25.0

11.1

0.0

0.1

21.3

29.6

28.1

42.6

23.2

19.5

26.7

26.7

37.7

22.2

Prevalence of illness

 Hypertension

%

30

25

22.2

50

29.3

15.7

30.3

40.6

55.3

26.8

16.9

29.6

39

54.7

29.5

 Diabetes

%

0.0

25.0

22.2

16.7

17.1

5.6

5.9

11.5

4.3

5.9

5.1

8.1

12.4

5.7

6.9

 Nephrolithiasis

%

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

10.9

4.2

12.8

5.2

0.0

9.6

3.8

11.3

4.8