Table 3 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the additional independent effect of each lifestyle factor over and above the others on the likelihood of multimorbidity (3 or more chronic conditions), adjusted for age, socioeconomic class, and education (p = 0.005 for interaction with sex in a model with men and women together)
From: Lifestyle factors and multimorbidity: a cross sectional study
Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lifestyle factors | p | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
Smoking habit: Present or past smoker | 0.000 | 3.16 | 1.74-5.73 | 0.907 | 0.98 | 0.64-1.49 |
Fruit and vegetable consumption: Less than five portions* daily | 0.838 | 0.95 | 0.59-1.54 | 0.089 | 1.46 | 0.94-2.26 |
Physical activity: Less than 20–30 min. 4 times/week | 0.257 | 1.38 | 0.79-2.42 | 0.290 | 1.29 | 0.81-2.06 |
Alcohol consumption: High-risk drinking** | 0.872 | 0.94 | 0.43-2.03 | 0.709 | 0.83 | 0.31-2.23 |
Body Mass Index (BMI): Low or high BMI*** | 0.020 | 1.96 | 1.11-3.46 | 0.000 | 2.57 | 1.65-4.00 |
Covariates | ||||||
Age | 0.000 | 1.07 | 1.04-1.11 | 0.000 | 1.11 | 1.08-1.15 |
Socioeconomic class | ||||||
Elite group | - | - | ||||
Middle-high | 0.751 | 0.90 | 0.46-1.76 | 0.331 | 1.35 | 0.74-2.46 |
Middle-low | 0.900 | 0.94 | 0.38-2.37 | 0.257 | 1.64 | 0.70-3.87 |
Low | 0.508 | 1.40 | 0.52-3.80 | 0.064 | 2.49 | 0.95-6.54 |
Education | ||||||
Incomplete secondary school or lower | - | - | ||||
Completed secondary school | 0.643 | 1.16 | 0.62-2.16 | 0.406 | 1.31 | 0.69-2.45 |
College | 0.832 | 1.10 | 0.44-2.75 | 0.821 | 1.11 | 0.45-2.74 |
University | 0.210 | 0.58 | 0.25-1.36 | 0.647 | 0.82 | 0.35-1.93 |