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Table 1 High-level summary of literature on the operational costs of SIAs

From: Updating the evidence base on the operational costs of supplementary immunization activities for current and future accelerated disease control, elimination and eradication efforts

Reference

Vaccine/intervention details

Country/setting

Target population

Perspective

Cost data collection

Average versus Incremental costs

Year of cost data

Inflation-adjusted ops cost per person per dose, US$

Comparable inflation-adjusted cMYP estimate, US$ (Year of cMYP data)

Cost components included

[33]

Measles vaccine

Catch up SIA in Afghanistan

Children, 6 mnths - 12 yrs.

External donor

Retrospective

Incremental

2002

$0.194

N/A

Training, incentives (per diems), transport, monitoring, social mobilization, and logistics

  

Follow up SIA in Afghanistan

Children aged 6–59 mnths

   

2003

$0.244

$0.33 (2009)

 

[34]

Measles vaccine

Nationwide SIA in Zambia

Children, 9 mnths −4 yrs.

National payer

Retrospective

Incremental

2001

$0.028

$0.73 (2010)

Social mobilization, supervision, planning/training, administrative costs, additional transport, additional personnel

Tsogbe K: Measles Campaign CEA, Rwanda. Unpublished.

Measles vaccine

Nationwide SIA in Rwanda

Children, 6–59 mnths

National payer and External donor

Retrospective

Average

2001

$0.284

$0.41 (2005)

Micro- planning, social mobilization, training, transport, fuel, and per diems (defined as "operational costs")

[35]

Measles vaccine

Pilot SIA in 2 provinces in Lao PDR

Children, 6–59 mnths

National payer and External donor

Retrospective

Average

2000

$0.562

N/A

Transport and travel, salaries and per diems, supervision, training, other campaign-specific costs

  

Nationwide SIA in other 16 provinces of Lao PDR

    

2001

$0.350

N/A

 

[36]

Measles vaccine

SIAs conducted in Uganda

Not specified

Not specified

Not specified

Average

2003

$0.531

N/A

Not specified

       

2006

$0.686

N/A

 
       

2009

$0.534

N/A

 

[37]

Measles vaccine + VitA

‘Nationwide' SIA -- 50/117 Tanzanian districts

Children, 9–59 mnths

National payer and external donor

Retrospective

Average

2000

$0.312

N/A

Transport and travel, salaries and per diems, supervision and training, other campaign-specific costs (includes social mobilization surveillance)

[38]

VitA + Measles vaccines + Deworming and nutrition screening

Twice-annual Child Health Days in 2/10 Ethiopian regions:

Children, 6–59 mnths

National payer and external donors(i)

Retrospective

Average

2006

$0.244

N/A

Training, social mobilization ('sensitization and other promotional meetings'), transport, implementation, evaluation ('review meetings')

  

- Amahara

        
  

- Oromiya

    

2006

$0.163

N/A

 

[39]

Measles vaccine + VitA

Nationwide SIA in Uganda

Children, 6–59 mnths

Not specified

Not specified

Not specified

2001

$0.339

N/A

Not specified

[40]

OPV

National Immunization Day (NID) with costs from 10 provinces in China

Children (Age range not specified)

National payer and external donor(ii)

Retrospective

Incremental

1994

$0.657

N/A

Personnel [including per diems for all staff involved in SIA(iii)]; publicity and social promotion; training costs, logistical costs (including shipping, freight, fuel, travel cost, vaccine storage, vehicle depreciation, data collection forms)

[41]

Tetanus toxoid vaccine

SIA to provide 3 doses of TT in two phases across 11 'Union Councils' in the district of Loralai, in Baluchistan, Pakistan

Women, 15–45 yrs.

National payer

Not specified

Incremental

2001

$0.491

N/A

Training, social mobilization, per diems, salaries (of health workers, vaccinators, and supervisors), rental of vehicles, fuel, ice for cold chain, monitoring and evaluation, and misc.

[42]

Yellow fever vaccine

SIA in Abidjan and surrounding areas (Anyama, Bingerville and Songon) in Cote d'Ivoire

(I) All unvaccinated children, 6 mnths to 10 yrs.; (II) Persons ≥10 yrs. who are either unvaccinated or whose yellow fever vaccination was >10 yrs. ago(iv)

National payer

Retrospective

Average

2001

$0.224

N/A

Transport (inc. fuel and maintenance of rolling stock), administrative/office supplies, social mobilization, human resources, coordination, supervision, cold chain equipment

[43]

Yellow fever vaccine +MenA+C vaccine(v)

Reactive immunization campaign in the Matam District, in the Northeast part of Senegal

Children and adults, 1–25 yrs.

National payer

Prospective

Incremental

1997

$0.074

N/A

Staff costs (per diems and travel costs), transport (inc. fuel, maintenance and repairs), cold chain equipment, social/community mobilization, vaccination cards and stationery, coordination and supervision

[44]

MenA+C vaccine(v)

Reactive campaign in Réo and Kombissiri districts, Burkina Faso

Children and adults, 2–30 yrs.

National payer, partners, and communities(vi)

Prospective

Average

2006

$0.507

N/A

Transportation, personnel, IEC/social mobilization, supervision, surveillance, monitoring & evaluation, training, cold chain equipment and maintenance, waste management, and planning

[45]

MenA+C vaccine(v)

Reactive campaign across Guinea in districts with weekly incidence rate (WIR) of menA of >5/100,000

Children and adults, >1 yr.

National payer

Prospective

Incremental

1993

$0.328

N/A

Logistics, wages

[46]

MenA+C vaccine(v)

Reactive campaign across Katsina State in Nigeria in districts with WIR of menA of >5/100,001

Children and adults, 6 mnths – 30 yrs.

Not specified

Not specified

Incremental

1996

$0.485

N/A

Transport, personnel, administration

[21]

Cholera vaccine(vii)

South Sudanese refugees in Ugandan refugee camps

Children, 1–4 yrs.

National payer

Retrospective

Average

1997

$0.787

N/A

Transport, vaccination cards, storage (free of charge), material for administration, material for data collection, local personnel salaries

[22]

Cholera vaccine(vii)

Mass vaccination targeting residents in 13 communes of Hue city, Vietnam

All children and adults, ≥ 2yrs., excluding pregnant women

National payer

Retrospective

Average

1998

$0.142

N/A

Personnel, training, review meeting, and social mobilization (Publicity/information campaign)

  1. (i)But excludes UNICEF staff costs, UNICEF and the Federal Ministry of Health’s overhead costs.
  2. (ii)Excludes recurrent costs involved in the running of international organizations.
  3. (iii)i.e. managers, supervisors, cold-chain technicians, drivers, vaccinators.
  4. (iv)Subjects with acute progressive diseases and immune deficiency were excluded.
  5. (v)Polysaccharide A + C meningococcal vaccine.
  6. (vi)Household costs presented elsewhere.
  7. (vii)Oral killed whole-cell/recombinant B-subunit (WC/rBS) cholera vaccine – Not part of existing ADC/E/E programs but included here to provide a more complete picture of literature on SIA operational costs.