Table 7 Integrated screening programs integrated in other clinics or services
Program characteristics | Program outcomes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First author, year of publication | Calendar year of data collection | Population | Country and HCV prevalence according to CDC[23] | Setting of screening | Duration of screening program | Other tests | Pre-screening selection | Media activities | Screening uptake and anti-HCV prevalence (95% CI) | Risk profile of identified HCV cases/Risk factors associated with HCV | Follow-up of HCV-infected individuals |
Capron, D, 1999 [92] | 1996 | Patients > 14 y admitted to an emergency unit | France (1.1%):Picardy | Emergency health unit hospital | At least one week per unit (7 units) over a period of 2 months | None | Yes, only those with a reported risk factor were tested | NR | Scr. uptake: NR Prevalence: 2.4% (11/451; 95% CI: 1.4-4.3)* | Most common risk factors: - Blood transfusion - History of drug addiction - Surgery - Endoscopy | All patients were referred for medical follow-up. In total, 36.4% (4/11) attended, of which 50.0% (2/4) had chronic HCV. Liver biopsy showed minimal activity, and treatment was not indicated Outcomes:RNA rate: 50.0% (2/4) Start treatment: 0% (0/2) SVR: - |
Alswaidi, FM, 2010 [93] | 2008 | Individuals from the general population that wish to get married | Saudi Arabia (0.9%): throughout the country | Mandatory premarital national screening program | 4Â months | HBV, HIV | No | NR | Scr. uptake: NR | NR | Counseling sessions were offered to provide education to prevent infection transmission, and HCV infected couples are encouraged to avoid marriage. No results on medical follow-up reported. |
Prevalence: 0.3% (250/74662; 95% CI: 0.3-0.4)** | |||||||||||
Outcomes: RNA rate: NR Start treatment: NR SVR: NR | |||||||||||
Dubois, F, 1994 [94] | NR | Healthy subject of routine medical check up | France (1.1%): Western part | Routine medical check up | 5Â weeks | ALT, HAV, HBV, HDV | Yes: elevated ALT levels (vs control group without elevated ALT) | NR | Scr. uptake: NR Prevalence: 4.9% (15/308; 95% CI: 3.0-7.9)*** Control group: 0.3% (1/308) | Most common risk factors: - Blood transfusion - History of IDU | Patients were referred to their family physician (no results reported). Outcomes:RNA rate: 73.3% (11/15) RNA rate control gr: 0% (0/1) Start treatment: NR SVR: NR |
Roberts, J, 2010 [95] (abstract) | 2009 | MSM attending service and who were tested for HIV | UK (1.1%): Brighton | Local outreach services for HIV point of care testing | 4Â months | HAV, HBV, syphilis, HIV | No | NR | Scr. uptake: 66.2% (55/82) | NR | Subsequent attendance at STI services remained low. Follow-up of the HCV-infected person was not reported in detail. Outcomes: RNA rate: - Start treatment: NR SVR: NR |
Prevalence: 1.8% CHCV (1/55; 95% CI: 0.1-9.6)**** | |||||||||||
Cohen, DE, 2006 [96] | 2001 | MSM | USA (1.9%): Greater Boston area | Community care facility | 8Â months | None | No | Yes | Scr. uptake: NR Prevalence: 11.5% (25/218; 95% CI: 7.9-16.4)*** | Univariate regr. analysis: - HIV infection - HBV infection - Less receptive anal sex - Lifetime history of gonorrhoea - History of IDU - Reporting blood on shared cocaine straws - Crack cocaine use in prior 6 months | Patients were referred to their primary care provider (no results reported). Outcomes: RNA rate: NR Start treatment: NR SVR: NR |
Campello, C, 2002 [97] | 1994-1995 | Individuals ages 17–67 years, currently employed in the processing and/or trade of food and beverages | Italy (1.1%): Lombardia region, administrative boundary of the former USL 22 (local health unit) | Periodic compulsory health check for the surveillance and control of diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route as well as tuberculosis | 14 months | None | No | NR | Scr. uptake: 77.6% (2154/2776) Prevalence: 3.3% (71/2154; 95% CI 2.6-4.1)*** | Multivariable regr. analysis: - Age >50 years - Blood transfusion - History of IDU - Tattooing - <8 years of education - Female sex | Patients offered the possibility of undergoing a follow-up for the clinical and laboratory evaluation of hepatic involvement (no results reported). Outcomes: RNA rate: 71.8% (51/71) Start treatment: NR SVR: NR |
Tafuri, S, 2010 [98] | 2008 | Asylum seekers without signs or symptoms in recent or remote past | Italy (1.1%): Bari | Asylum seeker center | 3Â months | HBV, HIV, syphilis | No | NR | Scr. uptake: 71.1% (529/744) | NR | All patients who tested positive were treated (no results were reported). |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Prevalence: 4.5% (24/529 ; 95% CI: 3.06-6.07)* | Â | Outcomes: RNA rate: NR Start treatment: NR SVR: NR |