Study | Age/gender | Year | Country | Study design | Sample size | Outcomes | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Education | Hypothesis: Lower education is associated with lower cognitive function or higher rate of cognitive decline or increased risk of dementia(including AD) | ||||||
[21] | 65+/B | 1990 | China | Cross-sectional | N = 5,055 | Prevalent AD and dementia | + |
[22] | Mean:58.5/B | 1991 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | N = 1,350 | Cognitive function | + |
[23] | 65+/B | 1992 | France | Cross-sectional | N = 2,792 | Cognitive function | + |
[24] | 68-77/B | 1992 | Finland | Cross-sectional | N = 403 | Cognitive function | + |
[25] | 65+/B | 1993 | US | Cohort | N = 4,485 | Cognitive decline | + |
[26] | 75+/B | 1994 | England | Cohort | N = 1,195 | Indicent dementia | 0 |
[27] | 65+/B | 1994 | US | Cohort | N = 10,294 | Incident cognitive impairment | + |
[28] | 55+/B | 1995 | US | Cohort | N = 3,330 | Incident AD and VaD | +(VaD) |
[29] | 18+/B | 1995 | US | Cohort | N = 14,883 | Indicent dementia | + |
[9] | 55-106/B | 1995 | The Netherlands | Cross-sectional | N = 7,528 | Prevalent dementia, AD and VaD | + |
[30] | 65+/B | 1996 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 2,212 | Prevalent dementia and cognitive impairment | + |
[31] | 68-78/B | 1996 | Finland | Cross-sectional | N = 403 | Cognitive decline | + |
[32] | 70+/B | 1997 | Australia | Cohort | N = 652 | Cognitive decline | + |
[33] | 65+/B | 1997 | US | Cohort | N = 642 | Incident AD | + |
[34] | 50-80/B | 1997 | Austria | Cross-sectional | N = 1,927 | Cognitive function | + |
[35] | Mean:75/M | 1997 | The Netherlands | Cohort | N = 528 | Cognitive decline | + |
[36] | 69-74/M | 1997 | Sweden | Cross-sectional | N = 504 | Cognitive function | + |
[37] | 55-84/B | 1997 | The Netherlands | Cohort | N = 5,825 | Cognitive function, decline and incident/prevalent dementia | + |
[38] | 65-84/B | 1997 | The Netherlands | Cohort | N = 2,063 | Incident dementia | +(IQ better predcitor) |
[39] | 47-68/B | 1998 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 14,000 | Cognitive function | + |
[40] | 60+/B | 1998 | Italy | Cross-sectional | N = 495 | Prevalent dementia | 0 |
[41] | 65+/B | 1998 | Taiwan | Cross-sectional | N = 2,915 | Prevalent dementia, AD and VaD | +(AD) |
[42] | 18+/B | 1999 | US | Cohort | N = 1,488 | Cognitive decline | + |
[43] | 65+/B | 1999 | France | Cohort | N = 3,675 | Incident AD | + |
[44] | 55-106/B | 1999 | The Netherlands | Cohort | N = 6,827 | Incident dementia | +(women) |
[45] | 85+/B | 2000 | Sweden | Cohort | N = 494 | Cognitive decline and function | + |
[46] | 75+/B | 2001 | Sweden | Cohort | N = 1,296 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[47] | 65+/B | 2002 | Spain | Cohort | N = 557 | Cognitive decline | + |
[48] | 70+/B | 2002 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 6,577 | Cognitive function | + |
[49] | 65+/B | 2002 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | N = 1,656 | Prevalent dementia and AD | + |
[50] | 65+/B | 2002 | Italy | Cross-sectional | N = 1,016 | Prevalent AD and VaD | + |
[51] | 45-59/M | 2002 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 1,839 | Cognitive function | + |
[52] | 70-79/W | 2003 | US | Cohort | N = 19,319 | Cognitive function and decline | + |
[53] | 70-79/B | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 4,030 | Cognitive decline | +(ApoE-) |
[54] | 66+/W | 2006 | US | Cohort | N = 6,314 | Cognitive function and decline | + |
[55] | Mean age: ~75/B | 2006 | US | Cohort | N = 2,786 | Incident dementia | +(both whites and blacks) |
[56] | 55+/B | 2006 | China | Cross-sectional | N = 34,807 | Prevalent AD and VaD | +(AD) |
[57] | 50+/B | 2006 | China | Cross-sectional | N = 16,095 | Prevalent dementia and AD | + |
[58] | 65+/B | 2007 | Guam | Cross-sectional | N = 2,789 | Prevalent dementia and AD | + |
[59] | 64-81/B | 2007 | The Netherlands | Cross-sectional | N = 578 | Cognitive function | + |
[60] | 60-64/B | 2009 | Australia | Cohort | N = 416 | Cognitive decline | 0 |
[61] | 30-64/B | 2009 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 1,345 | Cognitive function | +(literacy better predictor) |
[62] | 65-96/B | 2009 | Spain | Cross-sectional | N = 1,074 | Prevalent dementia | + |
[63] | 80+/B | 2009 | UK | Cohort | N = 3,336 | Incident dementia | + |
[64] | Mean:72/B | 2009 | US | Cohort | N = 6,000 | Cognitive function and decline | +(cognitive function) 0(cognitive decline) |
[65] | 60+/B | 2010 | Malaysa | Cross-sectional | N = 2,980 | Prevalent dementia | + |
[66] | 55+/B | 2010 | India | Cross-sectional | N = 2,466 | Prevalent dementia and AD | + |
[67] | 65+/B | 2010 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | N = 2,003 | Cognitive function | + |
[68] | 60+/B | 2011 | Brazil | Cohort | N = 1,461 | Cognitive decline | - |
[69] | 60-98/B | 2011 | Italy | Cohort | N = 1,270 | Incident cognitive impairment | + |
[70] | 60+/B | 2011 | Mexico | Cohort | N = 7,000 | Prevalent and incident dementia | + |
[71] | 54-95/B | 2011 | US | Cohort | N = 1,014 | Cognitive decline | 0 |
Study | Age/gender | Year | Country | Design | Sample size | Outcome | Finding |
(2) Behavioral | |||||||
(2.1.) Smoking | Hypothesis: Current or ever smoking status is associated with lower cognitive function or higher rate of cognitive decline or increased risk of dementia(including AD) | ||||||
[72] | 65+/B | 1993 | US | Cohort | N = 1,201 | Cognitive decline | 0 |
[73] | 65+/B | 1994 | France | Cross-sectional | N = 3,770 | Prevalent AD, cognitive impairment | 0 |
[74] | 74+/B | 1996 | US | Cohort | N = 647 | Cognitive function | 0 |
[75] | Mean:58.6/M | 1997 | US | Cohort | N = 3,429 | Cognitive impairment | + |
[36] | 69-74/M | 1997 | Sweden | cross-sectional | N = 504 | Cognitive function | + |
[76] | 75+/B | 1998 | Australia | Cohort | N = 327 | Incident dementia and AD | 0 |
[77] | adults/B | 1998 | US | Cohort | N = 1,469 | Cognitive function | 0 |
[78] | 55+/B | 1998 | US | Cohort | N = 6,870 | Incident dementia and AD | +(ApoE4−) |
[79] | 56-69/M | 1999 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 569 | Cognitive impairment | +(ApoE4−) |
[80] | 45-59/M | 1999 | UK | Cross-sectional | N = 1,870 | Cognitive function | 0 |
[81] | 65+/B | 2000 | UK | Cohort | N = 889 | Cognitive Impairment | + |
[82] | Mean: 81/M | 2000 | UK | Cohort | N = 34,439 | Definite or probable AD | 0 |
[83] | 45-70/B | 2002 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 1,927 | Cognitive change | + |
[84] | 65+/B | 2003 | Taiwan | Cohort | N = 798 | Cognitive decline | 0 |
[85] | 43-53/B | 2003 | UK | Cohort | N = 3,035 | Cognitive decline | + |
[86] | Mean:78/M | 2003 | US | Cohort | N = 3,734 | Incident AD | + |
[87] | 60+/B | 2003 | China | Cross-sectional | N = 3,012 | Cognitive impairment | + |
[88] | 60+/B | 2004 | China | Cohort | N = 2,820 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[89] | 65+/B | 2004 | European cohorts | Cohort | N = 17,610 | Cognitive decline | + |
[90] | 65-84/B | 2004 | Italy | Cohort | N = 5,632 | Mild cognitive impairment | 0 |
[91] | 40-80/M | 2004 | The Netherlands | Cross-sectional | N = 900 | Cognitive function | 0 |
[92] | Mean:75/B | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 791 | Cognitive function and decline | +(75 + and ApoE4−) |
[93] | 40-44/B | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 8,845 | Incident dementia | + |
[94] | 50+/B | 2006 | UK | Cohort | N = 2,000 | Cognitive function | + |
[95] | 55+/B | 2007 | The Netherlands | Cohort | N = 6,868 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[96] | 43-70/B | 2008 | The Netherlands | Cohort | N = 1,964 | Cognitive decline | + |
[97] | 35-55/B | 2008 | France | Cohort | N = 4,659 | Cognitive function | +(memory) |
[98] | 46-70/B | 2009 | US | Cohort | N = 11,151 | Incident dementia | + |
[99] | 65+/B | 2009 | US | Cohort | N = 1,557 | Cognitive decline | + |
[100] | 90-108/B | 2009 | China | Cross-sectional | N = 681 | Cognitive impairment | +(men) |
[63] | Mean:83.5/B | 2009 | UK | Cohort | N = 3,336 | Incident dementia | 0 |
[101] | 65-79/B | 2010 | Finland | Cohort | N = 1,449 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[102] | Mean:71.8/B | 2010 | Taiwan | Cohort | N = 1,436 | Incident cognitive impairment | - |
[103] | 50y/M | 2011 | Sweden | Cohort | N = 2,268 | Incident dementia and AD | +(non-AD) |
[104] | Mean:60.1/B | 2011 | Finland | Cohort | N = 21,123 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[105] | 44-69/B | 2012 | UK | Cohort | N = 7,236 | Cognitive decline | +(men) |
Study | Age/gender | Year | Country | Design | Sample size | Outcome | Finding |
(2.2.) Alcohol | Hypothesis: Moderate alcohol consumption is protective against poorer cognitive function, higher rate of cognitive decline and dementia | ||||||
[106] | 65+/B | 1996 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 2,040 | Cognitive function | +(J-shaped) |
[107] | 59-71/B | 1997 | France | Cross-sectional | N = 1,389 | Cognitive function | + (women) |
[76] | 75+/B | 1998 | Australia | Cohort | N = 327 | Incident dementia and AD | 0 |
[77] | 40-80/B | 1998 | US | Cohort | N = 1469 | Cognitive function | 0 |
[108] | 55-88/B | 1999 | USA | Cohort | N = 1786 | Cognitive function | +(U-shaped) |
[109] | 65+/B | 2001 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 1,836 | Cognitive function | +(U-shaped for men, linear for women) |
[110] | Mean:70/B | 2001 | Italy | Cross-sectional | N = 15,807 | Cognitive impairment | +(U-shaped) |
[83] | 45-70/B | 2002 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 1,927 | Cognitive change | +(women > men) (J-shaped) |
[111] | 18+/B | 2000 | US | Cohort | N = 1,448 | Cognitive decline | +(women > men) (U-shaped) |
[112] | 53/B | 2003 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 10,317 | Cognitive function | 0 |
[87] | 60+/B | 2003 | China | Cohort | N = 3,012 | Cognitive impairment | - |
[113] | 65-79/B | 2004 | Finland | Cohort | N = 1,464 | Cognitive function | +(U-shaped) - (ApoE4+) |
[114] | 65+/B | 2004 | US | Cohort | N = 4,417 | Cognitive function | +(current drinker vs. former or abstainer) |
[115] | 35-55/B | 2004 | UK | Cohort | N = 10,308 | Cognitive function | +(linear, some cognitive domains) |
[116] | 65+/B | 2005 | US | cohort | N = 1,624 | Cognitive function | +(current drinker vs. former or abstainer) |
[117] | Mean:74/B | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 1,098 | Cognitive function and decline | +(J-shaped) |
[118] | 43-53/B | 2005 | UK | Cohort | N = 1,764 | Cognitive decline | Linear + (slower memory decline: men) -(faster psychomotor speed decline: women) |
[119] | 20-24,40-44,60-64/B | Australia | Cross-sectional | N = 7,485 | Cognitive function | J-shaped + (light drinkers vs. abstainers) | |
[120] | 70-81/W | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 11,102 | Cognitive function and decline | +(J-shaped) (cognitive decline) |
[121] | 65-89/M | 2006 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 760 | Cognitive function | +(linear, J-shaped) |
[122] | 40+/B | 2006 | US | Cohort | N = 1,428 | Cognitive decline | +(linear) |
[123] | 65-79/B | 2006 | Finland | Cross-sectional | N = 1,341 | Cognitive function | +(linear) |
[124] | 65-84/B | 2007 | US | Cohort | N = 1,445 | Incident MCI and MCI→ dementia | +(U-shaped) |
[125] | 50+/B | 2010 | China | Cohort | N = 30,499 | MCI→ dementia | +(J-shaped) |
[126] | 50+/B | 2010 | China | Cross-sectional | N = 9,571-28,537 | Cognitive function | +(occasional alcohol use vs. none) |
[127] | 65+/B | 2009 | China | Cross-sectional | N = 314 | Cognitive impairment | +(U-shaped) |
[128] | 70/B | 2011 | UK | Cross-sectional | N = 922 | Cognitive function | +(linear, verbal memory) |
[129] | 55+/B | 2011 | US | Cohort | N = 1,337 | Cognitive function | 0 -(executive function) |
[130] | 55+/B | 2011 | France | Cross-sectional | N = 4,073 | Cognitive function | -(high alcohol use, Low SES) |
[131] | 45+/B | 2012 | US | Cohort | N = 571 | Cognitive decline | +(heavy drinking) |
Study | Age/gender | Year | Country | Design | Sample size | Outcome | Finding |
(2.3.) Physical activity | Hypothesis: Physical activity is protective against poorer cognitive function, higher rate of cognitive decline and dementia(including AD) | ||||||
[132] | 70+/B | 2001 | Hong Kong | Cohort | N = 2030 | Cognitive impairment | + |
[133] | 65+/B | 2001 | Canada | Cohort | N = 4615 | Incident cognitive impairment and AD | + |
[134] | 65-84/M | 2001 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 347 | Cognitive decline | +(ApoE4+) |
[135] | 65+/F | 2001 | US | Cohort | N = 5,925 | Cognitive decline | + |
[136] | 75+/B | 2003 | US | Cohort | N = 469 | Incident dementias (AD, VaD and others) | + |
[137] | 71-93/M | 2004 | US | Cohort | N = 2257 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[138] | 65+/B | 2004 | US | Cohort | N = 1146 | Cognitive decline | + |
[139] | 80+/M | 2004 | European countries | Cohort | N = 295 | Cognitive decline | + |
[140] | 70-81/W | 2004 | US | Cohort | N = 18766 | Cognitive decline | + |
[141] | 65+/M | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 3375 | Incident dementia and AD | +(ApoE4-) |
[142] | 65-79/B | 2005 | Sweden | Cohort | N = 1449 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[143] | 65+/B | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 4055 | Cognitive decline | - |
[144] | 75+/B | 2006 | Sweden | Cohort | N = 776 | Incident dementia | + |
[145] | 65+/B | 2006 | US | Cohort | N = 1740 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[146] | 65+/W | 2010 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 9344 | Cognitive impairment | + |
[147] | 60+/B | 2008 | Greece | Cohort | N = 732 | Cognitive impairment | + |
[148] | 71-92/M | 2008 | US | Cohort | N = 2263 | Dementia | + |
[149] | 70+/B | 2009 | Italy | Cross-sectional | N = 668 | Cognitive decline | + |
[100] | 90-108/B | 2009 | China | Cross-sectional | N = 681 | Cognitive impairment | + |
[150] | 65+/B | 2009 | US | Cohort | N = 1880 | Incident AD | + |
[151] | 70-79/B | 2009 | US | Cohort | N = 2509 | Cognitive function and decline | + |
[152] | Mean:51y/B | 2010 | Iceland | Cohort | N = 4945 | Cognitive function and dementia | + |
[153] | 55+/B | 2010 | Germany | Cohort | N = 3903 | Incident cognitive impairment | + |
[154] | 60+/B | 2010 | US | Cohort | N = 5903 | Cognitive function | + |
[155] | 65+/W | 2010 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 9344 | Cognitive function and impairment | + |
[156] | Mean:82/B | 2012 | US | Cohort | N = 716 | AD Cognitive decline | + |
[157] | 40-84/B | 2012 | US | Cohort | N = 405 (40–59 years) N = 342 (60–84 years) | Cognitive function | + |
[158] | 65+/B | 2012 | US | Cohort | N = 2491 | Incident dementia & AD | + |
Study | Age/gender | Year | Country | Design | Sample size | Outcome | Finding |
(3) Nutritional | |||||||
(3.1) Caffeine(coffee or tea) | Hypothesis: Caffeine consumption is protective against poorer cognitive function, higher rate of cognitive decline and dementia | ||||||
[159] | 18+/B | 1993 | UK | Cross-sectional | N = 9,003 | Cognitive function | +(caffeine) |
[160] | Mean: 73/B | 2002 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 1,528 | Cognitive function | 0(coffee) |
[161] | 24-81/B | 2003 | The Netherlands | Cohort | N = 1,376 | Cognitive change | 0(caffeine) |
[162] | 70+/B | 2006 | Japan | Cross-sectional | N = 1,003 | Cognitive impairment | +(green tea) |
[163] | Mean ~ 75/M | 2007 | Finland, the Netherlands and Italy | Cohort | N = 667 | Cognitive decline | +(coffee, J-shaped) |
[164] | 55+/B | 2008 | Singapore | Cohort | N = 1,438 | Cognitive impairment and decline | +(tea) |
[165] | 65-79/B | 2009 | Finland | Cohort | N = 1,409 | Incident dementia and AD | +(coffee), 0(tea) |
[100] | 90+/B | 2009 | China | Cross-sectional | N = 681 | Cognitive impairment | +(tea, men) |
[166] | 65+/B | 2009 | Finland | Cohort | N = 2,606 | Cognitive function, incident dementia and MCI | 0(coffee) |
[167] | 70-74/B | 2009 | Norway | Cross-sectiona | N = 2,031 | Cognitive impairment | +(tea) |
[168] | 17-92/B | 2009 | UK | Cross-sectional | N = 3,223 | Cognitive function | 0(caffeine) |
[169] | 70/B | 2010 | UK | Cohort | N = 923 | Cognitive function | +(coffee); −(tea) |
[170] | 55+/B | 2010 | Singapore | Cross-sectional | N = 716 | Cognitive function | +(tea) |
[171] | 65+/B | 2010 | France | Cohort | N = 641 | Cognitive decline | +(caffeine, women) |
[172] | 65+/B | 2010 | Portugal | Cohort | N = 648 | Cognitive decline | +(caffeine, women) |
[173] | 65+/B | 2011 | US | Cohort | N = 4,809 | Cognitive decline | +(caffeine, women) |
[174] | Mean:54/M | 2011 | US | Cohort | N = 3,494 | Incident dementia and cognitive impairment | 0(caffeine) |
[175] | Mean:91.4/B | 2012 | Singapore | Cohort | N = 7,139 | Cognitive change | +(tea) |
Study | Age/gender | Year | Country | Design | Sample size | Outcome | Finding |
(3.2) Antioxidants/Vitamin E | Hypothesis: Antioxidants, including vitamin E, are protective against poorer cognitive function, higher rate of cognitive decline and dementia(including AD) | ||||||
[176] | 55-95/B | 1996 | Netherlands | cohort | N = 5,182 | Cognitive function | + |
[177] | 66-97/B | 1998 | US | Cohort | N = 1,059 | Cognitive function | 0 |
[178] | 65+/B | 1998 | US | Cohort | N = 633 | Incident AD | + |
[179] | 5075/B | 1998 | Austria | Cross-sectional | N = 1,769 | Cognitive performance | +(Vit. E) |
[180] | 71-93/M | 2000 | Hawaii | Cohort | N = 3,385 | Incident AD, VaD, MD and OD | +(VaD) |
[181] | 48-67/B | 2000 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 12,187 | Cognitive performance | 0 |
[182] | 55+/B | 2002 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 5,395 | Incident AD | + |
[183] | 65+/B | 2002 | US | Cohort | N = 815 | Incident AD | +(Vit. E, ApoE4−) |
[184] | 65-102/B | 2002 | US | Cohort | N = 2,889 | Cognitive decline | + |
[185] | 65+/B | 2003 | US | Cohort | N = 2,969 | Incident dementia Incident AD | 0 |
[186] | 70-79/W | 2003 | US | Cohort | N = 14,968 | Cognitive function | +(Vit. E) |
[187] | 65+/B | 2003 | US | Cohort | N = 980 | Incident AD | 0 |
[188] | 45-68/M | 2004 | US | Cohort | N = 2,459 | Incident dementia and AD | 0 |
[189] | 65+/B | 2004 | US | Cohort | N = 4,740 | Incident and prevalent AD | + |
[190] | 65+/B | 2005 | Italy | Cross-sectional | N = 1,033 | Prevalent dementia and cognitive impairment | + |
[191] | 55+/B | 2005 | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | N = 3,717 | Prevalent AD | 0 |
[192] | 65-105/B | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 616 | Incident Dementia Incident AD | 0 |
[193] | 65+/B | 2005 | Canada | Cohort | N = 894 | Cognitive decline Dementia | + |
[194] | 65+/B | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 3,718 | Incident AD Cognitive function | + |
[195] | Mean:73.5/B | 2007 | France | Cross-sectional | N = 589 | Cognitive function | + |
[196] | 60+/W | 2007 | US | Cohort | N = 526 | Cognitive impairment | +(Vit. E) |
[197] | 65+/B | 2007 | US | Cohort | N = 3,831 | Cognitive function | + |
[198] | 65+/B | 2008 | US | Cohort | N = 3,376 | Cognitive function | + |
[199] | 65+/B | 2008 | US | Cohort | N = 2,969 | Incident Dementia Incident AD | 0 |
[200] | 65+/B | 2008 | Italy | Cohort | N = 761 | Cognitive impairment | +(Vit. E Sub-type) |
[201] | 70+/W | 2010 | US | Cohort | N = 16,010 | Cognitive function & decline | +(cognitive function) |
[202] | 70/B | 2011 | UK | Cross-sectional | N = 882 | Cognitive function | 0 |
Study | Age/gender | Year | Country | Design | Sample size | Outcome | Finding |
(3.3) Homocysteine | Hypothesis: Homocysteine is a risk factor for poorer cognitive function, higher rate of cognitive decline and dementia (including AD) | ||||||
[203] | 55+/B | 1999 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 702 | Cognitive function and decline | 0 |
[204] | 60+/B | 2002 | UK | Cross-sectional | N = 391 | Cognitive function | + |
[205] | 55+/B | 2002 | The Netherlands | Cross-sectional | N = 1,077 | Cognitive function | + |
[206] | Mean:76/B | 2002 | US | Cohort | N = 1,092 | Incident AD | + |
[207] | 60+/B | 2003 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 1,789 | Global cognitive function | + |
[208] | Mean:73/B | 2003 | Italy | Cross-sectional | N = 650 | Cognitive function | + |
[209] | 65+/B | 2004 | US | Cohort | N = 679 | Incident and prevalent AD | 0 |
[210] | Mean:72/B | 2005 | Turkey | Cohort | N = 1,249 | Incident dementia, AD, MCI | 0 |
[211] | 60+/B | 2005 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 1,789 | Cognitive impairment and dementia | 0 |
[212] | 40-82/B | 2005 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 2,096 | Cognitive function | +(60 + y) |
[213] | 70-79/B | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 499 | Cognitive function and decline | +(cognitive function) |
[214] | 85+/B | 2005 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 599 | Cognitive impairment and decline | +(with impairment) |
[215] | 65+/B | 2005 | Switzerland | Cohort | N = 623 | Incident MCI, dementia, AD and VaD | + |
[216] | 60+/B | 2005 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 1,789 | Cognitive impairment and dementia | + |
[217] | Mean:74/B | 2005 | Italy | Cohort | N = 816 | Incident AD | + |
[218] | 50-70/B | 2005 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 1,140 | Cognitive function | + |
[219] | 50-85/M | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 321 | Cognitive decline | + |
[220] | Mean:62/B | 2006 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 812 | Cognitive function | + |
[221] | 55+/B | 2006 | China | Cross-sectional | N = 451 | Cognitive function | + |
[222] | Mean:59/B | 2006 | The Netherlands | Cohort | N = 345 | Cognitive function | + |
[223] | 65+/B | 2007 | UK | Cohort | N = 1,648 | Cognitive decline | + |
[224] | 60-101/B | 2007 | US | Cohort | N = 1,779 | Incident dementia and MCI | + |
[225] | 60-85/B | 2007 | South Korea | Cross-sectional | N = 1,215 | Prevalent MCI | + |
[226] | 26-98/B | 2008 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 911 | Cognitive function | +(ApoE4+) |
[227] | 65+/B | 2008 | Korea | Cross-sectional | N = 607 | Cognitive function | + |
[228] | Mean:72/B | 2008 | Korea | Cohort | N = 518 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[229] | Mean:77/B | 2009 | US | Cohort | N = 516 | Prevalent and incident MCI | 0 |
[230] | 38-85/B | 2010 | Sweden | Cohort | N = 488 | Incident dementia | 0 |
[231] | 65+/B | 2010 | The Netherlands | Cohort | N = 1,076 | Cognitive decline | + |
[232] | Mean:78/W | 2011 | Germany | Cross-sectional | N = 420 | Cognitive function | + |
[233] | 38-60/W | 2011 | Sweden | Cohort | N = 1,368 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[234] | 70-89/M | 2012 | Australia | Cohort | N = 4,227 | Incident dementia | + |
[235] | 70-89/M | 2012 | Australia | Cohort | N = 1,778 | Incident cognitive impairment | + |
Study | Age/gender | Year | Country | Design | Sample size | Outcome | Finding |
(3.4) n-3 fatty acids | Hypothesis: n-3 fatty acids are protective against poorer cognitive function, higher rate of cognitive decline and dementia(including AD) | ||||||
[236] | 69-89/M | 1997 | Netherlands | cohort | N = 476 | Cognitive impairment & decline | 0 |
[237] | 55+/B | 1997 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 5,386 | Incident dementia and AD | + |
[238] | 55+/B | 2002 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 5,395 | Incident dementia and AD | 0 |
[239] | 65-94/B | 2003 | US | Cohort | N = 815 | Incident AD | + |
[240] | 45-70/B | 2004 | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | N = 1,613 | Cognitive function | + |
[241] | 65+/B | 2005 | US | Cohort | N = 3,718 | Cognitive decline | 0 |
[242] | 65+/B | 2007 | France | Cohort | N = 8,085 | Incident dementia and AD | +(ApoE4-) |
[243] | 50+/B | 2007 | US | Cohort | N = 2,251 | Cognitive decline | +(hypertensive, Dyslipidemic) |
[244] | Mean:76/B | 2007 | Italy | Cross-sectional | N = 935 | Prevalent dementia | + |
[245] | 50-70/B | 2007 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 404-807 | Cognitive function and change | +(change) |
[246] | 50+/B | 2008 | US | Cohort | N = 2,251-7,814 | Cognitive decline | +(hypertensives) |
[247] | 65-80/B | 2008 | Finland | Cohort | N = 1,449 | MCI and cognitive function | + |
[248] | Mean:78/B | 2008 | France | Cohort | N = 1,214 | Incident dementia | + |
[249] | 65+/B | 2009 | Multi-national | Cross-sectional | N = 14,960 | Prevalent dementia | + |
[250] | 55+/B | 2009 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 5,395 | Incident dementia and AD | 0 |
[251] | 65+/B | 2009 | Canada | Cohort | N = 663 | Incident dementia or AD | 0 |
[252] | Mean:68/M | 2009 | Netherlands | Cohort | N = 1,025 | Cognitive function | 0 |
[253] | 76-82/W | 2009 | France | Cohort | N = 4,809 | Cognitive decline | + |
[254] | Mean:75/B | 2010 | Spain | Cross-sectional | N = 304 | Cognitive impairment | + |
[255] | 35-54/B | 2010 | US | Cross-sectional | N = 280 | Cognitive function | + |
[256] | 55+/B | 2011 | Singapore | Cohort | N = 1,475 | Cognitive function and decline | +(supplements) |
[257] | Mean:~64/B | 2011 | France | Cohort | N = 3,294 | Cognitive impairment | + |
[258] | 65+/B | 2011 | France | Cohort | N = 1,228 | Cognitive decline | +(ApoE4+; depressed) |