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Table 6 Logistic regression model of the relationship between risk factors and catastrophic cost (cost burden ≥ 1%) for one pediatric diarrheal episode, in a sample of 551 Bolivian children seeking care for acute diarrhea, 2007 - 2009

From: The economic burden of pediatric gastroenteritis to Bolivian families: a cross-sectional study of correlates of catastrophic cost and overall cost burden

Variable

 

Unadjusted analysis

Adjusted model 1 (n = 295)

Adjusted model 2 (n = 295)*

 

N

OR

95% CI

P

OR

95% CI

P

OR

95% CI

P

Demographics

          

 Male child

550

1.49†

(1.06, 2.10)

0.02

1.04

(0.59, 1.86)

0.89

1.00

(0.55, 1.81)

1.00

 Age of child (months)

524

0.98

(0.96, 1.00)

0.07

0.99

(0.96, 1.02)

0.53

1.00

(0.96, 1.03)

0.77

 Number of people in household

524

1.02

(0.95, 1.09)

0.60

1.00

(0.88, 1.13)

0.95

0.96

(0.84, 1.09)

0.51

 Rural residence

458

1.76†

(1.09, 2.86)

0.02

1.54

(0.73, 3.26)

0.26

1.33

(0.62, 2.86)

0.47

 Hospital

536

         

  Albina Patiño (Private)

 

3.39†

(2.36, 4.89)

<0.01

4.13†

(2.30, 7.41)

<0.01

5.26†

(2.86, 9.68)

<0.01

  All Others (Public, Reference)

 

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

Treatment-Seeking Behavior

          

 Sought treatment at least once previously to current visit

467

8.05†

(3.92,16.55)

<0.01

3.92†

(1.64, 9.35)

<0.01

4.84†

(1.83,12.75)

<0.01

 Number of transportations taken to current visit

428

1.18

(0.80, 1.75)

0.41

1.28

(0.70, 2.33)

0.42

1.79

(0.97, 3.30)

0.06

 Number of days child had diarrhea prior to current visit

513

1.02

(1.00, 1.05)

0.10

1.14†

(1.05, 1.24)

<0.01

1.09†

(1.02, 1.16)

0.01

Severity of illness

          

 Child was an outpatient

551

0.35†

(0.25, 0.49)

<0.01

0.16†

(0.07, 0.37)

<0.01

0.10†

(0.04, 0.24)

<0.01

 Child presented with at least one complication‡

548

2.10†

(1.49, 2.96)

<0.01

1.38

(0.57, 3.34)

0.47

0.42†

(0.19, 0.93)

0.03

 Child’s first episode of diarrhea

466

1.1

(0.75, 1.60)

0.64

1.47

(0.79, 2.75)

0.22

1.60

(0.83, 3.06)

0.16

Interaction term

          

 Number of days with diarrhea (1-unit change) × at least one complication

-

-

-

-

1.37†

(0.59, 3.2)

0.03 §

-

-

-

  1. *Second adjusted model excludes direct non-medical costs of diapers and extra food. †P < 0.05. ‡Complications were defined as at least one of the following, as diagnosed by the attending physician: electrolyte disorder, electrolyte imbalance, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, anemia, malnutrition, acute respiratory infection, bronchopneumonia, intussusception, dehydration, or any other unnamed complication. §P-value associated with the overall interaction coefficient. Italicized text indicates p < 0.05.
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