Table 1 Descriptive statistics of sample and variables of interest
Orphans | Non-orphans | Total | Statistical test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adolescent characteristics: | ||||
Mean age (SD) | 14.60 (1.94) | 14.67 (2.02) | 14.64 (1.99) | t (619) = 0.43, p = 0.67 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 93 (31.2%) | 203 (68.8%) | 298 (51.6%) | χ 2 (1) = 0.03, p < 0.05 |
Female | 112 (40%) | 168 (60%) | 280 (48.4%) | |
Orphan status (%) | 226 (36.3) | 397 (63.7) | 623 (100) | |
Orphan type: | ||||
Maternal (%) | 76 (34.9) | |||
Paternal (%) | 92 (42.2) | |||
Double (%) | 50 (22.9) | |||
Household type: | ||||
Orphan (%) | 153 (24.6) | |||
Non orphan (%) | 336 (53.9) | |||
Mixed (%) | 134 (21.5) | |||
Poverty related indicators: | ||||
Monthly income per capita (Poverty threshold = 37.5USD per capita per month) | $36.32 ($57.80) | $40.32 ($62.59) | $38.87 ($60.88) | t(599) = 0.77, p = 0.44 |
Monthly Household income (incl grants) | R1893.44 (R1672.76) | R1969.96 (R2128.10) | R1942.13 (R1973.54) | t(600) = 0.46, p = 0.65 |
Household composition: | ||||
Total household inhabitants (M, SD) | 7.83 (3.73) | 7.37 (3.35) | 7.54 (3.49) | t (620) = -1.59, p = 0.12 |
Number of adults in household (M, SD) | 3.19 (1.82) | 3.26 (1.82) | 3.24 (1.18) | t (620) = 0.51, p = 0.61 |
Number of children in household | 4.62 (2.53) | 4.10 (2.20) | 4.29 (2.34) | t (620) = -2.70, p <0.01 |
Dependency ratio (%) | ||||
Care for child plus 1 – 2 more children | 59 (28.9) | 131 (36.1) | 190 (33.5) | χ 2 (3) = 6.70, p = 0.08 |
Care for child plus 3 – 4 more children | 66 (32.4) | 127 (35.0) | 193 (34.0) | |
Care for child plus 5 – 6 more children | 47 (23.0) | 68 (18.7) | 115 (20.3) | |
Care for child plus 7 or more children | 32 (15.7) | 37 (10.2) | 69 (12.2) | |
Caregiver characteristics: | ||||
Primary caregiver | χ 2(6) = 110.25, p < 0.00 | |||
Biological mother | 52 (23.4%) | 251 (63.7%) | 303 (49.2%) | |
Biological father | 6 (2.7%) | 22 (5.6%) | 28 (4.5%) | |
Aunt | 33 (14.9%) | 20 (5.1%) | 53 (8.6%) | |
Uncle | 5 (2.3%) | 2 (0.5%) | 7 (1.1%) | |
Grandmother | 105 (47.3%) | 75 (19.0%) | 180 (29.2%) | |
Grandfather | 5 (2.3%) | 7 (1.8%) | 12 (1.9%) | |
Other | 16 (17.2%) | 17 (4.3%) | 33 (5.4%) | |
Communication with caregivers about problems | χ 2 (2) = 3.5, p = 0.17 | |||
Never | 20 (9.3) | 32 (8.1) | 52 (8.5) | |
Sometimes | 83 (38.4) | 125 (31.7) | 208 (34.1) | |
Always | 113 (52.3) | 237 (60.2) | 350 (57.4) | |
Caregiver impairment over the past month◊ | χ 2 (1) = 3.67, p = 0.06 | |||
Yes | 128 (57.9) | 196 (49.9) | 324 (52.8) | |
No | 93 (42.1) | 197 (50.1) | 290 (47.2) | |
Caregiver self-reported health | χ 2 (3) = 4.45, p = 0.22 | |||
Poor | 117 (52.7) | 176 (44.7) | 293 (47.6) | |
Fair | 25 (11.3) | 50 (12.7) | 75 (12.2) | |
Good | 68 (30.6) | 135 (34.3) | 203 (33.0) | |
Excellent | 12 (5.4) | 33 (8.4) | 45 (7.3) | |
Caregiver provision of help and assistance | χ 2 (2) = 4.72, p = 0.09 | |||
Never | 9 (4.2) | 8 (2.0) | 17 (2.8) | |
Sometimes | 76 (35.3) | 118 (30.0) | 194 (31.9) | |
Always | 130 (60.5) | 267 (67.9) | 397 (65.3) | |
Psychosocial outcomes: | ||||
Anxiety/Depression | 36.43 (9.80) | 35.80 (10.07) | 36.03 (9.96) | t (614) = -0.76, p = 0.45 |
Affability | 35.86 (5.34) | 36.54 (5.69) | 36.30 (5.57) | t (618) = 1.46, p = 0.15 |
Resilience | 23.47 (3.62) | 23.56 (4.03) | 23.53 (3.89) | t (272) = 0.27, p = 0.79 |