Table 1 Meta-analysis of medication utilization and adherence outcomes
Analysis | N cohorts* | Rural/urban OR of treatment (95% CI) | I2(%) | Subgroup difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiovascular medication utilization | ||||
Overall - unadjusted | 26 | 0.88 (0.79, 0.98) | 97 | NA |
Overall - adjusted | 23 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.13) | 97 | NA |
Subgroup analysis – adjusted |  |  |  | |
Setting | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Community or population-based | 8 | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) | 71 | P < 0.0001 |
  Hospital | 6 | 0.87 (0.83, 0.92) | 34 |  |
  Ambulatory care practice | 9 | 1.02 (0.85, 1.24) | 78 |  |
Drug class | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Antithrombotic or anticoagulant | 9 | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 88 | P = 0.62 |
  Antihypertensive | 16 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.17) | 92 |  |
  Lipid lowering agent | 4 | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 37 |  |
Disease | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Atrial fibrillation | 3 | 0.83 (0.59, 1.16) | 67 | P = 0.0001 |
  Cardiovascular disease | 11 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 67 |  |
  Hypertension | 6 | 1.07 (0.87, 1.33) | 79 |  |
  Diabetes | 3 | 1.21 (1.12, 1.31) | 76 |  |
Age (study mean or median) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  <65 years | 8 | 1.15 (1.04, 1.26) | 80 | P = 0.005 |
  ≥65 years | 12 | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) | 70 | |
  Not reported | 3 | 0.89 (0.77, 1.02) | 64 | |
Country | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  US | 18 | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 87 | P = 0.67 |
  Non-US | 5 | 1.05 (0.88, 1.26) | 88 |  |
Publication Year | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  1999-2005 | 7 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.22) | 76 | P = 0.66 |
  2006-2011 | 16 | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | 98 |  |
Data source | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Administrative data | 2 | 1.17 (0.97, 1.41) | 87 | P = 0.19 |
  Medical record | 14 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 86 |  |
  Patient self-report | 7 | 1.07 (0.93, 1.22) | 72 |  |
Cardiovascular medication adherence | ||||
| Â | N | Rural/urban OR of treatment (95% CI) | I 2 (%) | Subgroup difference |
Overall - unadjusted | 4 | 0.94 (0.39, 2.27) | 91 | NA |