Table 3 Relationships between socio-background characteristics and health behaviors among older people in India

Punjab (urban)

0.060 (0.022–0.159)^***

2.220 (1.303–3.781)^**

7.738 (4.600–13.017)^***

Punjab (rural)

0.042 (0.021–0.085)^***

2.081 (1.397–3.100)^***

4.533 (3.113–6.602)^***

Rajasthan (urban)

0.329 (0.160–0.677)^**

2.758 (1.472–5.167)^**

11.167 (6.075–20.527)^***

Rajasthan (rural)

0.298 (0.182–0.486)^***

1.260 (0.837–1.896)

4.479 (2.991–6.709)^***

Kerala (urban)

0.972 (0.568–1.662)

1.175 (0.733–1.884)

0.647 (0.398–1.053)

Karnataka (urban)

0.370 (0.204–0.672)^***

1.966 (1.203–3.212)^**

4.422 (2.825–6.921)^***

Karnataka (rural)

0.564 (0.354–0.899)^*

1.623 (1.086–2.427)^*

3.295 (2.242–4.844)^***

Tribe

0.476 (0.227–0.995)^*

1.824 (1.031–3.227)^*

2.220 (1.213–4.062)^**

No caste or tribe

1.221 (0.541–2.757)

0.655 (0.342–1.256)

0.281 (0.140–0.566)^***

Gender (female)

0.075 (0.052–0.110)^***

3.317 (2.574–4.273)^***

0.601 (0.473–0.765)^***

Age

1.009 (0.996–1.024)

0.979 (0.691–1.388)^***

1.062 (0.776–1.454)^***

Marital status (single)

1.351 (0.873–2.088)

1.050 (1.037–1.062)

1.043 (1.032–1.055)

Educational level (low)

2.609 (1.784–3.814)^***

0.777 (0.583–1.037)

1.594 (1.212–2.095)^***

Model χ ²

420.380^***

160.087^***

374.369^***

−2 log likelihood

1163.329

1793.333

1899.906

Nagelkerke R ²

0.363

0.132

0.270