Table 2 Determinants of stunting
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
Distal factors | |||
Age in months | |||
Less than 6 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
6-11 | 2.73** | 2.74** | 2.69** |
12-23 | 7.84** | 7.95*** | 7.84*** |
24-35 | 9.89*** | 10.24*** | 10.11*** |
36-47 | 10.42*** | 11.14*** | 11.10*** |
48-59 | 9.27*** | 10.17*** | 10.18*** |
Sex | |||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.84 |
Educational level | |||
No education (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.31 | 1.27 | 1.28 |
Middle/JHS | 1.13 | 1.23 | 1.14 |
Secondary and above | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.16 |
Wealth Status | |||
Poorest (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Poorer | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.87 |
Middle | 0.60** | 0.60** | 0.59** |
Richer | 0.43*** | 0.43*** | 0.43*** |
Richest | 0.29*** | 0.32*** | 0.32*** |
Ethnicity | |||
Akan (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Ga/Dangme | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
Ewe | 0.57 | 0.55** | 0.55** |
Mole-dagbani | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.82 |
Others | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.03 |
Region | |||
Western (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Central | 1.56 | 1.48 | 1.48 |
Greater Accra | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.88 |
Volta | 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.20 |
Eastern | 1.67** | 1.66** | 1.65 |
Ashanti | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
Brong Ahafo | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.75 |
Northern | 1.22 | 1.16 | 1.14 |
Upper East | 1.30 | 1.28 | 1.29 |
Upper West | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.68 |
Intermediate factors | NA | ||
Household size | NA | ||
1-4 (ref) | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 |
5-8 | NA | 0.79 | 0.79 |
9+ | NA | 0.98 | 0.99 |
Mother’s age | |||
15-24 (ref) | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25-34 | NA | 0.72** | 0.72** |
35-44 | NA | 0.56** | 0.56*** |
45 an above | NA | 0.54 | 0.54 |
Number of children | |||
1-4 (ref) | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 |
5-8 | NA | 1.33 | 1.34** |
9-14 | NA | 1.65 | 1.66 |
Proximal factor | |||
Incidence of diarrhoea | |||
Yes | NA | NA | 1.00 |
No | NA | NA | 1.10 |