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Table 3 Associations between residential greenness, defined using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in Munich and Wesel study areas

From: A cross-sectional analysis of the effects of residential greenness on blood pressure in 10-year old children: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies

 Model

 NDVIa

Munich (n = 1,256)

Wesel (n = 822)

  

Systolic blood pressure

Diastolic blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure

Diastolic blood pressure

  

ßb

SEc

p-value

ß

SE

p-value

ß

SE

p-value

ß

SE

p-value

Crude

Low

1.08

0.66

0.099

1.06

0.51

0.039

1.05

0.88

0.229

0.40

0.60

0.509

Moderate

2.33

0.66

< 0.001

1.47

0.51

0.004

-0.21

0.88

0.814

0.31

0.60

0.609

High

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

Adjusted d

Low

1.02

0.63

0.106

1.08

0.50

0.030

0.63

0.80

0.435

0.47

0.57

0.411

Moderate

2.22

0.63

< 0.001

1.46

0.50

0.004

-0.26

0.80

0.746

0.22

0.57

0.696

High

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

Temperature-adjusted e

Low

0.96

0.63

0.128

1.05

0.50

0.035

0.60

0.80

0.453

0.56

0.57

0.324

Moderate

2.19

0.63

0.001

1.43

0.50

0.004

-0.46

0.80

0.564

0.37

0.57

0.516

High

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

Altitude-adjusted f

Low

0.68

0.66

0.304

0.97

0.52

0.063

0.62

0.81

0.443

0.45

0.57

0.433

Moderate

2.01

0.64

0.002

1.39

0.51

0.006

-0.29

0.80

0.719

0.17

0.57

0.764

High

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

Urbanisation-adjusted g

Low

0.95

0.66

0.149

1.03

0.52

0.049

0.56

0.87

0.517

0.40

0.62

0.521

Moderate

2.09

0.66

0.001

1.36

0.52

0.009

-0.37

0.82

0.649

0.17

0.58

0.767

High

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

PM 2.5 –adjusted h

Low

0.96

0.63

0.130

1.16

0.50

0.021

0.37

0.95

0.693

0.35

0.67

0.601

Moderate

2.18

0.64

0.001

1.53

0.50

0.002

-0.41

0.83

0.624

0.17

0.59

0.773

High

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

PM 10 –adjusted i

Low

1.20

0.66

0.068

1.38

0.52

0.008

0.41

1.02

0.687

0.97

0.72

0.179

Moderate

2.33

0.64

< 0.001

1.64

0.51

0.001

-0.39

0.84

0.645

0.42

0.60

0.483

High

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

NO 2 –adjusted j

Low

1.08

0.67

0.110

1.36

0.53

0.011

0.66

0.93

0.481

0.38

0.66

0.566

Moderate

2.26

0.65

0.001

1.65

0.52

0.001

-0.28

0.83

0.735

0.18

0.59

0.762

High

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

ref.

-

-

Noise annoyance-adjusted k

Low

1.02

0.63

0.106

1.06

0.50

0.033

0.70

0.81

0.385

0.49

0.57

0.387

 

Moderate

2.18

0.63

0.001

1.44

0.50

0.004

-0.20

0.81

0.806

0.21

0.57

0.711

 

High

ref.

- 

 -

ref.

 -

 -

ref.

- 

 -

ref.

 -

- 

  1. a. Greenness tertiles are different in Munich and Wesel areas. Munich: Low (NDVI < 0.307), Moderate (0.307 ≤ NDVI < 0.377), High (NDVI ≥ 0.377). Wesel: Low (NDVI < 0.382), Moderate (0.382 ≤ NDVI < 465), High (NDVI ≥ 0.465).
  2. b. ß: Regression coefficient.
  3. c. SE: Standard error.
  4. d. Adjusted model is adjusted for study, sex, age, BMI, season of BP measurements, parental education and parental hypertension.
  5. e. Temperature-adjusted model: Adjusted model and further adjustment for mean daily temperature on the day of BP measurements. The variable for the season of BP measurements has been removed.
  6. f. Altitude-adjusted model: Adjusted model and further adjustment for altitude of residence.
  7. g. Urbanisation-adjusted model: Adjusted model and further adjustment for tertiles of population density in a 5,000 m buffer around the residence.
  8. h. PM2.5-adjusted model: Adjusted model and further adjustment for PM2.5 concentration at residence.
  9. i. PM10-adjusted model: Adjusted model and further adjustment for PM10 concentration at residence.
  10. j. NO2-adjusted model: Adjusted model and further adjustment for NO2 concentration at residence.
  11. k. Noise annoyance-adjusted model: Adjusted model and further adjustment for level of noise annoyance.
  12. Bold text indicates statistical significance at the 5 % level.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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