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Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants

From: A cross-sectional analysis of the effects of residential greenness on blood pressure in 10-year old children: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies

 

N (%) or Mean ± SDaor Median (IQRb)

 

Pooled (N = 2,078)

Munich (N = 1,256)

Wesel (N = 822)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)§*

111.3 ± 10.0

110.0 ± 9.6

113.2 ± 10.2

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)§*

64.2 ± 7.5

62.9 ± 7.5

66.0 ± 7.0

Study*

   

   GINIplus observational group

773 (37.2)

370 (29.5)

403 (49.0)

   GINIplus interventional group

754 (36.3)

448 (35.6)

306 (37.2)

   LISAplus

551 (26.5)

438 (34.9)

113 (13.8)

Sex

   

   Male

1,071 (51.5)

654 (52.1)

417 (50.7)

   Female

1,007 (48.5)

602 (47.9)

405 (49.3)

Age (years)§*

10.2 ± 0.2

10.2 ± 0.2

10.3 ± 0.2

BMI (kg/m2)§*

17.4 ± 2.5

17.0 ± 2.3

18.0 ± 2.7

Season of blood pressure measurements

   

   Winter

418 (20.1)

272 (21.7)

146 (17.7)

   Spring

495 (23.8)

302 (24.0)

193 (23.5)

   Summer

615 (29.6)

356 (28.3)

259 (31.5)

   Autumn

550 (26.5)

326 (26.0)

224 (27.3)

Parental educationc*

   

   Low

135 (6.5)

55 (4.4)

80 (9.7)

   Medium

538 (25.9)

224 (17.8)

314 (38.2)

   High

1,405 (67.6)

977 (77.8)

428 (52.1)

Parental hypertensiond

   

   Yes

316 (15.2)

202 (16.1)

114 (13.9)

   No

1,762 (84.8)

1,054 (83.9)

708 (86.1)

Residential surrounding greenness (NDVIe)§* in a 500 m buffer around the residence

   

   Low

-

0.255 ± 0.045

0.340 ± 0.035

   Moderate

-

0.341 ± 0.020

0.425 ± 0.024

   High

-

0.445 ± 0.057

0.524 ± 0.041

Mean daily temperature on the day of blood pressure measurements (°C)¶*

12.0 (10.4)

10.9 (11.3)

13.0 (9.1)

Altitude of residence (m)¶*

498.0 (509.0)

532.0 (44.0)

26 (17)

Population density around residence (people/km2)§f*

   

   Low

-

304.2 ± 152.0

176.2 ± 47.8

   Moderate

-

1,558.6 ± 702.5

352.0 ± 93.1

   High

-

5,479.8 ± 1,747.7

883.8 ± 292.7

PM2.5 concentration at residence (μg/m3)§*

14.9 ± 2.2

13.3 ± 0.9

17.4 ± 0.7

PM10 concentration at residence (μg/m3)§*

22.2 ± 3.3

20.0 ± 2.3

25.4 ± 1.3

NO2 concentration at residence (μg/m3)§*

21.3 ± 4.8

19.8 ± 5.1

23.6 ± 3.0

Road traffic noise annoyanceg

   

   Low

1,367 (65.8)

821 (65.4)

546 (66.4)

   Medium

608 (29.2)

371 (29.5)

237 (28.8)

   High

103 (5.0)

64 (5.1)

39 (4.8)

  1. a. SD: Standard deviation.
  2. b. IQR: Interquartile range.
  3. c. Low: < 10 years of school; Medium: 10 years of school; High > 10 years of school, according to the German education system.
  4. d. No: neither of the parents had hypertension; Yes: one or both parents had hypertension.
  5. e. NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; categorized into tertiles.
  6. f. Population density derived in 5,000 m buffers around residences and categorized into tertiles.
  7. g. Low: categories 0 and 1 (no annoyance at all when the window is open); Medium:
  8. categories 2 to 5; High: categories 6 to 10 (strong or unbearable annoyance).
  9. §. Mean ± SD.
  10. ¶. Median (IQR).
  11. *indicates statistically significant difference at the 5 % level between the Munich and Wesel areas.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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