Individualized and institutionalized residential place-based discrimination and self-rated health: a cross-sectional study of the working-age general population in Osaka city, Japan

Table 4 Multilevel odds ratios (95%CI) for poor self-rated health, area-level PBD model

		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
		Unadjusted model		Age- and sex-adjusted model		Age, sex and corresponding individual-level factor-adjusted model^a		Age, sex, PBD and SES-adjusted model^b
		ORs	95%CI	ORs	95%CI	ORs	95%CI	ORs	95%CI
Fixed effects
Area-level PBD, aggregated^c	Lowest (reference)	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
(ALPBD)	2nd	1.26	0.89, 1.77	1.23	0.85, 1.74	1.21	0.85, 1.72	1.18	0.83, 1.68
	3rd	1.43	1.03, 2.00	1.42	1.01, 1.99	1.38^d	0.99, 1.92	1.31^d	0.93, 1.84
	Highest	1.84	1.35, 2.52	1.76	1.29, 2.43	1.57	1.13, 2.18	1.32^d	0.95, 1.86
Age group	25-34 (reference)			1.00		1.00		1.00
	35-44			1.35^d	0.96, 1.92	1.35^d	0.96, 1.92	1.36^d	0.96, 1.95
	45-54			1.86	1.31, 2.65	1.83	1.29, 2.61	2.06	1.44, 2.95
	55-65			2.20	1.59, 3.08	2.22	1.61, 3.11	1.86	1.32, 2.66
Sex	Male (reference)			1.00		1.00		1.00
	Female			0.74	0.59, 0.91	0.72	0.58, 0.89	0.61	0.48, 0.76
Individual-level perceived PBD	No (reference)					1.00		1.00
	Yes					1.79	1.21, 2.62	1.89	1.33, 2.81
Working status	Working (reference)							1.00
	Not working							2.74	2.08, 3.59
	Unemployed							2.28	1.50, 3.42
Housing tenure	Home owner (reference)							1.00
	Not home owner							1.83	1.45, 2.30
Education attainment	College or more (reference)							1.00
	High school or less							1.44	1.14, 1.81
Random effects
Area-level variance^e		0.047		0.044		0.040		0.036
Deviance information criterion^f		2301.4		2273.0		2266.7		2170.8

Abbreviations: CI credible interval, ORs Odds ratios, PBD place-based discrimination, SES socioeconomic status.
^aIndividual-level perceived PBD was adjusted as a corresponding individual-level factor in this case in addition to age and sex.
^bAge, sex, individual-level perceived PBD, working status, housing tenure and education attainment were adjusted.
^cThe term “aggregated” means area-level aggregates (%) of survey positive responses for individual-level place-based discrimination within each tract.
^dStatistical significance of P < 0.1 (marginal significance).
^eArea-level variance means the extent of variability between areas after fixed effects adjustments.
^fDeviance information criterion was used to compare the goodness-of-fit of each model. Generally, lower estimates means good fit.

ISSN: 1471-2458