The changing food outlet distributions and local contextual factors in the United States

Chen, Hsin-Jen; Wang, Youfa

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-42

BMC Public Health

Table 2 The adjusted (least-square) mean changes of the food outlets across local contextual factors in the U.S. from 2000 to 2001

From: The changing food outlet distributions and local contextual factors in the United States

		ΔSupermarkets				ΔSmall grocery stores				ΔConvenience stores
		Expected change^a	95% CI			Expected change^a	95% CI			Expected change^a	95% CI
Race composition
	White-predominant	- 0.010	(- 0.016 ,	- 0.004)		+0.001	(- 0.012 ,	+0.014)	^H	+0.070	(+0.054 ,	+0.087)	^H
	Black-predominant	- 0.012	(- 0.033 ,	+0.008)		+0.019	(- 0.028 ,	+0.067)	^H	+0.026	(- 0.034 ,	+0.086)	^H
	Hispanic-predominant	- 0.026	(- 0.051 ,	- 0.001)		+0.160	(+0.102 ,	+0.218)	^W,B,M	- 0.160	(- 0.234 ,	- 0.086)	^W,B,M
	Mixed	+0.004	(- 0.017 ,	+0.024)		- 0.020	(- 0.067 ,	+0.026)	^H	- 0.004	(- 0.064 ,	+0.055)	^H
Urbanization level
	Rural	- 0.010	(- 0.022 ,	+0.002)		+0.048	(+0.020 ,	+0.075)		- 0.044	(- 0.078 ,	- 0.009)
	Suburban	- 0.016	(- 0.031 ,	+0.000)		+0.027	(- 0.009 ,	+0.063)		+0.009	(- 0.037 ,	+0.055)
	Urban	- 0.008	(- 0.021 ,	+0.005)		+0.046	(+0.016 ,	+0.076)		- 0.016	(- 0.054 ,	+0.022)
Foreign born population% tertiles
	1 (Bottom tertile)	- 0.008	(- 0.021 ,	+0.005)		+0.037	(+0.006 ,	+0.067)		- 0.037	(- 0.075 ,	+0.002)
	2 (Middle tertile)	- 0.014	(- 0.026 ,	- 0.001)		+0.040	(+0.012 ,	+0.069)		- 0.014	(- 0.050 ,	+0.022)
	3 (Top tertile)	- 0.012	(- 0.024 ,	+0.000)		+0.043	(+0.016 ,	+0.071)		- 0.000	(- 0.036 ,	+0.035)
		p _trend = .049				p _trend = .678				p _trend = .064
Poverty rate% tertiles
	1 (Bottom tertile)	+0.001	(- 0.013 ,	+0.014)	^{2, 3}	+0.029	(- 0.001 ,	+0.060)		- 0.015	(- 0.054 ,	+0.024)
	2 (Middle tertile)	- 0.016	(- 0.029 ,	- 0.003)	¹	+0.045	(+0.016 ,	+0.074)		- 0.008	(- 0.045 ,	+0.028)
	3 (Top tertile)	- 0.018	(- 0.029 ,	- 0.008)	¹	+0.046	(+0.022 ,	+0.070)		- 0.028	(- 0.058 ,	+0.003)
		p _trend = .002				p _trend = .199				p _trend = .461
		ΔFresh/specialty food markets				ΔFull-service restaurants				ΔCarry-out restaurants
		Expected change^a	95% CI			Expected change^a	95% CI			Expected change^a	95% CI
Race composition
	White-predominant	+0.010	(+0.003 ,	+0.016)		- 0.018	(- 0.043 ,	+0.007)		+0.096	(+0.070 ,	+0.123)
	Black-predominant	- 0.011	(- 0.034 ,	+0.012)	^H	- 0.050	(- 0.140 ,	+0.039)		+0.155	(+0.062 ,	+0.249)
	Hispanic-predominant	+0.050	(+0.022 ,	+0.078)	^B	- 0.044	(- 0.154 ,	+0.067)		+0.133	(+0.018 ,	+0.248)
	Mixed	+0.013	(- 0.009 ,	+0.036)		+0.069	(- 0.020 ,	+0.157)		+0.177	(+0.085 ,	+0.270)
Urbanization level
	Rural	+0.016	(+0.002 ,	+0.029)		+0.007	(- 0.044 ,	+0.059)		+0.158	(+0.104 ,	+0.211)
	Suburban	+0.014	(- 0.004 ,	+0.032)		- 0.078	(- 0.147 ,	- 0.009)	^U	+0.075	(+0.003 ,	+0.146)	^U
	Urban	+0.017	(+0.002 ,	+0.031)		+0.038	(- 0.019 ,	+0.095)	^S	+0.190	(+0.130 ,	+0.249)	^S
Foreign born population% tertiles
	1 (Bottom tertile)	+0.016	(+0.001 ,	+0.031)		- 0.017	(- 0.075 ,	+0.041)		+0.151	(+0.091 ,	+0.212)
	2 (Middle tertile)	+0.014	(+0.000 ,	+0.028)		- 0.026	(- 0.080 ,	+0.029)		+0.123	(+0.067 ,	+0.180)
	3 (Top tertile)	+0.016	(+0.003 ,	+0.030)		+0.010	(- 0.043 ,	+0.062)		+0.147	(+0.092 ,	+0.202)
		p _trend = .988				p _trend = .435				p _trend = .802
Poverty rate% tertiles
	1 (Bottom tertile)	+0.018	(+0.003 ,	+0.033)		+0.002	(- 0.057 ,	+0.060)		+0.211	(+0.150 ,	+0.272)	^2,3
	2 (Middle tertile)	+0.013	(- 0.001 ,	+0.027)		- 0.016	(- 0.071 ,	+0.039)		+0.132	(+0.075 ,	+0.190)	¹
	3 (Top tertile)	+0.015	(+0.004 ,	+0.027)		- 0.019	(- 0.064 ,	+0.027)		+0.078	(+0.031 ,	+0.126)	¹
		p _trend = .600				p _trend = .436				p _trend < .001

^aExpected change per ZCTA5 area during 2000–2001.
Supermarkets are the grocery stores of > =50 employees, while small grocery stores are those of <10 employees.
Linear regression models were fitted, adjusted for total population, race/ethnicity composition categories, poverty rate tertiles,% of foreign born population tertiles, urbanization categories, total business size in 2000, the change in business size from 2000 to 2001, region.
W, B, H, M indicate significant difference from the White-, Black-, Hispanic-predominant or Mixed race/ethnicity areas; S, U indicate significant difference from suburban or urban areas; 1, 2, 3 indicate significant difference from the tertile 1, 2, or 3. (p < 0.005 to account for multiple pair-wise comparison).

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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