Table 1 The distribution of baseline sociodemographic characteristics and food outlets by local racial/ethnic composition: the ZCTA5-level analysis in the U.S. (N = 27878)
From: The changing food outlet distributions and local contextual factors in the United States
| Â | White-predominant | Black-predominant | Hispanic-predominant | Mixed racial/ethnic areas | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
areas | areas | areas | ||||||
|  | n = 24719 | n = 1185 | n = 779 | n = 1195 | ||||
| Â | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE |
Population per ZIP code (person) | 8644 | (73) | 15421 | (489) | 23586 | (866) | 21468 | (592) |
Population density (person/mi2) | 0.80 | (0.02) | 3.53 | (0.24) | 5.44 | (0.43) | 4.75 | (0.24) |
Average race/ethnicity proportion | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  White | 88.45 | (0.08) | 24.65 | (0.42) | 20.05 | (0.46) | 33.49 | (0.44) |
  Black | 4.37 | (0.05) | 69.21 | (0.41) | 5.05 | (0.31) | 19.06 | (0.51) |
  Hispanic | 3.92 | (0.04) | 3.80 | (0.19) | 70.96 | (0.51) | 21.23 | (0.49) |
  Asian | 1.11 | (0.02) | 0.75 | (0.04) | 2.08 | (0.14) | 6.98 | (0.33) |
Average proportion foreign born population | 3.77 | (0.03) | 4.28 | (0.22) | 28.46 | (0.63) | 17.34 | (0.45) |
Median income (K) | 41.56 | (0.10) | 27.13 | (0.29) | 30.10 | (0.33) | 35.63 | (0.42) |
Poverty rate | 11.12 | (0.05) | 27.01 | (0.33) | 25.78 | (0.37) | 22.00 | (0.38) |
Unemployment rate | 5.14 | (0.02) | 11.71 | (0.20) | 11.34 | (0.22) | 10.51 | (0.23) |
Urbanization level (distribution of three categories) (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
  Urban | 28% | (0.3%) | 53% | (1.4%) | 57% | (1.8%) | 62% | (1.4%) |
  Suburban | 11% | (0.2%) | 9% | (0.8%) | 16% | (1.3%) | 8% | (0.8%) |
  Rural | 61% | (0.3%) | 38% | (1.4%) | 27% | (1.6%) | 29% | (1.3%) |
Average number (per ZCTA5) of stores/business in 2000 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||
Total business | 220.70 | (2.31) | 262.13 | (9.46) | 394.65 | (17.10) | 461.28 | (15.65) |
Total grocery stores | 1.96 | (0.02) | 4.71 | (0.17) | 6.36 | (0.29) | 5.54 | (0.19) |
  Supermarket | 0.59 | (0.01) | 0.63 | (0.03) | 1.00 | (0.05) | 1.08 | (0.04) |
  Small size grocery stores | 0.85 | (0.01) | 3.24 | (0.14) | 4.08 | (0.23) | 3.45 | (0.15) |
Fresh/specialty food stores | 0.32 | (0.01) | 0.77 | (0.05) | 1.16 | (0.08) | 1.00 | (0.06) |
Convenience stores | 3.50 | (0.03) | 5.56 | (0.19) | 6.36 | (0.25) | 6.23 | (0.20) |
Full-service restaurants | 6.15 | (0.07) | 5.51 | (0.24) | 10.47 | (0.46) | 12.87 | (0.49) |
Carry-out food stores | 6.59 | (0.07) | 9.04 | (0.34) | 13.81 | (0.57) | 15.76 | (0.52) |
Average changed number (per ZCTA5) of stores during 2000 and 2001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
Total business | +0.65 | (0.08) | -3.06 | (0.42) | +0.21 | (0.57) | -0.75 | (0.61) |
Total grocery stores | -0.01 | (0.004) | -0.05 | (0.03) | +0.13 | (0.05) | +0.04 | (0.04) |
  Supermarkets | -0.01 | (0.002) | -0.04 | (0.01) | -0.03 | (0.02) | -0.01 | (0.01) |
  Small size grocery stores | +0.01 | (0.004) | +0.01 | (0.03) | +0.19 | (0.05) | +0.02 | (0.04) |
Fresh/specialty food markets | +0.01 | (0.002) | -0.01 | (0.01) | +0.05 | (0.03) | +0.02 | (0.02) |
Convenience stores | +0.06 | (0.01) | +0.02 | (0.04) | -0.13 | (0.05) | +0.01 | (0.04) |
Full-service restaurants | +0.00 | (0.01) | -0.07 | (0.04) | +0.00 | (0.07) | +0.11 | (0.06) |
Carry-out food stores | +0.11 | (0.01) | +0.07 | (0.05) | +0.21 | (0.07) | +0.28 | (0.07) |