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Table 3 Consumption of nutrients of public health concern and nutrients under-consumed by snacking patterns 1 in adults ≥19 years of age

From: Snacking patterns, diet quality, and cardiovascular risk factors in adults

 

Snacking patterns LSM (SE)

 

Misc. snacks (n = 3,230)

No snacks** (n = 2,853)

Cakes/Cookies/Pastries (n = 2,180)

Sweets (n = 1,495)

Vegetables/Legumes (n = 1,524)

Alcohol (n = 1,572)

Milk desserts (n = 1,355)

Crackers/Salty snacks (n = 1,293)

Soft drinks (n = 1,088)

Other grains (n = 1,190)

Whole fruit (n = 913)

Coffee/Tea (n = 295)

Nutrients of Public Health Concern

Potassium (mg)

2883.71 (27.34)*

2612.52 (27.22)

2521.52 (23.69)

2633.29 (29.51)

3028.60 (37.96)*

2773.98 (34.49)*

2765.11 (39.83)*

2568.00 (34.26)

2383.33 (30.03)*

2660.57 (47.52)

3047.08 (45.95)*

2876.64 (55.98)*

Calcium (mg)

1043.12 (13.55)*

892.64 (13.40)

854.50 (13.01)

852.62 (12.22)

902.69 (20.99)

901.23 (18.02)

949.75 (16.76)

842.08 (17.94)

788.49 (21.91)*

939.26 (22.54)

934.96 (22.46)

958.84 (34.72)

Vitamin D (mcg)

5.50 (0.15)*

4.12 (0.14)

4.15 (0.15)

3.92 (0.13)

4.69 (0.20)

4.41 (0.20)

4.20 (0.15)

3.86 (0.19)

3.89 (0.22)

4.84 (0.33)

4.92 (0.32)

5.18 (0.47)

Fiber (gm)

15.56 (0.19)

14.98 (0.24)

15.02 (0.24)

15.58 (0.30)

18.80 (0.37)*

15.28 (0.31)

15.40 (0.32)

16.77 (0.33)*

13.55 (0.32)

16.49 (0.38)*

19.48 (0.41)*

16.22 (0.87)

Nutrients under-consumed

Vitamin A (mcg)

656.07 (12.68)*

577.56 (12.86)

630.15 (19.46)

561.44 (17.36)

654.57 (35.65)

615.13 (19.82)*

681.73 (18.63)*

583.58 (18.97)

529.05 (35.54)

651.46 (60.74)

646.81 (23.89)

650.25 (32.91)

Vitamin C (mcg)

109.10 (3.01)*

84.34 (2.69)

81.62 (2.54)

81.39 (3.82)

87.50 (3.55)

81.61 (3.06)

87.58 (4.06)

79.93 (3.48)

68.26 (3.24)*

86.92 (5.35)

123.05 (5.03)*

74.40 (4.07)

Vitamin K (mcg)

95.34 (3.22)

94.33 (4.10)

92.44 (4.90)

91.61 (4.23)

117.49 (7.21)

101.43 (7.55)

84.15 (4.97)

90.63 (5.35)

80.85 (4.88)

96.54 (4.47)

120.76 (9.29)

111.13 (11.48)

Folate (mcg)

552.67 (8.58)

536.50 (9.96)

546.60 (11.73)

504.67 (11.16)

555.53 (12.32)

547.01 (13.91)

531.35 (15.69)

553.03 (11.52)

473.24 (10.45)*

617.87 (19.54)

572.67 (13.40)

547.89 (20.17

Magnesium (mg)

299.13 (2.63)

276.51 (2.80)

269.62 (2.95)

277.84 (3.46)

360.62 (7.46)*

290.43 (4.56)

282.62 (3.86)

292.21 (3.62)*

245.69 (3.32)*

287.32 (4.72)

307.46 (5.58)*

327.46 (11.89)*

  1. 1Covariates: Age, gender, race/ethnicity, poverty income ratio grouped into three categories as (<1.25, 1.25–3.49, and >3.49), current smoking status (yes/no) (adults only), physical activity level (sedentary, moderate and vigorous), alcohol intake (g/d), energy intake for nutrient related variables.
  2. *Statistically different from No Snacks with the Bonferroni correction effective p ≤ 0.0042.
  3. **Reference group is No Snacks.