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Table 2 Consumption of energy and nutrients to limit by snacking patterns 1 in adults ≥19 years of age

From: Snacking patterns, diet quality, and cardiovascular risk factors in adults

 

Snacking Patterns LSM (SE)

Energy & nutrients to limit

Misc. snacks (n = 3,230)

No snacks** (n = 2,853)

Cakes/Cookies/Pastries (n = 2,180)

Sweets (n = 1,495)

Vegetables/Legumes (n = 1,524)

Alcohol (n = 1,572)

Milk desserts (n = 1,355)

Crackers/Salty snacks (n = 1,293)

Soft drinks (n = 1,088)

Other grains (n = 1,190)

Whole fruit (n = 913)

Coffee/Tea (n = 295)

Total energy (kJ)1

9538.66 (100.07)*

7936.84 (107.69)

9959.07 (104.13)*

9301.59 (135.45)*

9812.11 (134.32)*

8206.73 (145.58)

9767.43 (145.75)*

8968.55 (130.09)*

8908.05 (179.45)

10152.81 (205.96)*

8083.38 (146.63)

8455.73 (287.48)

Saturated fatty acid (g)1

27.59 (0.27)

28.03 (0.27)

26.61 (0.30)*

28.55 (0.32)

26.37 (0.32)*

27.60 (0.39)

30.70 (0.39)*

26.02 (0.29)*

25.74 (0.42)*

25.80 (0.45)*

25.98 (0.21)*

28.37 (0.99)

Solid fat (g)1

46.91 (0.52)

49.05 (0.65)

49.83 (0.57)

45.83 (0.61)*

39.49 (0.74)*

47.82 (0.78)

50.64 (0.67)

45.11 (0.75)*

44.97 (0.81)*

45.22 (0.96)*

44.95 (0.89)*

47.87 (1.43)

Added sugars (tsp.)1

17.94 (0.40)

18.68 (0.51)

23.17 (0.52)*

22.77 (0.50)*

15.61 (0.58)*

18.93 (0.59)

21.58 (0.55)*

16.66 (0.51)*

28.74 (0.73)*

16.35 (0.56)*

15.13 (0.46)*

18.63 (1.08)

Sodium (mg)1

3568.88 (27.24)

3626.67 (36.25)

3321.33 (35.87)*

3359.26 (41.83)*

3400.26 (44.34)*

3537.85 (46.27)

3245.11 (44.52)*

3752.89 (49.17)

3245.54 (46.25)*

3638.47 (57.04)

3612.98 (44.20)

3666.26 (129.71)

  1. 1kj = kilojoules(1 kcal = 4.187 kj). Covariates: Age, gender, race/ethnicity, poverty income ratio grouped into three categories as (<1.25, 1.25–3.49, and >3.49), current smoking status (yes/no), physical activity level (sedentary, moderate and vigorous), alcohol intake (g/d), energy intake for nutrient related variables.
  2. *Statistically different from No Snacks; with the Bonferroni correction effective p ≤ 0.0042.
  3. **Reference group is No Snacks.