Table 2 Bivariate analysis of bio-demographic, socio economic and behavior risk factors associated with hypertension among Kabul citizens (n = 1183)
From: Prevalence and predictors of adult hypertension in Kabul, Afghanistan
Variables | Hypertensive | Non-hypertensive | Odds ratio | % 95 CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | ||||
40 – 49 | 231 (33.4) | 460 (66.6) | 1 | Reference |
50 – 59 | 143 (59.1) | 99 (40.9) | 2.87 | 2.13 – 3.88 |
60 – 69 | 112 (70.4) | 47 (29.6) | 4.74 | 3.26 – 6.90 |
70 and over | 55 (74.3) | 19 (25.7) | 5.76 | 3.43 – 9.94 |
Sex | ||||
Males | 178 (44.9) | 218 (55.1) | 1 | Reference |
Females | 368 (46.8) | 419 (53.2) | 1.07 | 0.84 – 1.37 |
Level of education | ||||
literate | 363 (53.8) | 312 (46.2) | 2.06 | 1.63 – 2.61 |
Illiterate | 183 (36.0) | 325 (64.0) | 1 | Reference |
Monthly income | ||||
≤ 200USD | 247 (47.1) | 277 (52.9) | 1.07 | 0.85 – 1.35 |
>200USD | 299 (45.4) | 360 (54.6) | 1 | Reference |
Work status | ||||
Government employee | 90 (34.6) | 170 (65.4) | 1 | Ref |
Business | 21 (35.6) | 38 (64.4) | 1.04 | 0.57 – 1.88 |
Famer | 28 (44.4) | 35 (55.6) | 1.51 | 0.86 – 2.64 |
Jobless | 245 (51.9) | 227 (48.1) | 2.04 | 1.49 – 2.78 |
Housewife | 137 (47.2) | 153 (52.8) | 3.37 | 1.67 – 6.81 |
Unable to work | 25 (64.1) | 14 (35.9) | 1.69 | 1.20 – 2.38 |
Knowledge of blood pressure | ||||
Yes | 94 (48.2) | 101 (51.8) | 1 | Ref |
No | 452 (45.7) | 536 (54.3) | 0.9 | 0.66 – 1.23 |
Smoking status | ||||
Current smoker | 23 (37.7) | 38 (62.3) | 0.72 | 0.42 – 1.22 |
Ever smoker | 51 (53.7) | 44 (46.3) | 1.37 | 0.90 – 2.10 |
Never smoker | 465 (45.7) | 553(54.3) | 1 | Reference |
Snuff using | ||||
Current user | 58 (55.2) | 47 (44.8) | 1.51 | 1.01 – 2.26 |
Ever user | 13 (52.0) | 12 (48.0) | 1.32 | 0.59 – 2.93 |
Never user | 469 (45.0) | 574 (55.0) | 1 | Reference |
Walking by foot to work station | ||||
No | 214 (49.3) | 220(50.7) | 1.22 | 0.96 – 1.55 |
Yes | 331 (44.3) | 416 (55.7) | 1 | Reference |
Going by car to work | ||||
No | 523 (47.1) | 587 (52.9) | 1.89 | 1.14 – 3.15 |
Yes | 23 (31.9) | 49 (68.1) | 1 | Reference |
Going by public Transport to work | ||||
No | 528 (47.0) | 596 (53.0) | 2.01 | 1.14 – 3.55 |
Yes | 18 (30.5) | 41 (69.5) | 1 | Reference |
Diabetes mellitus | ||||
No | 455 (44.3) | 571 (55.7) | 1 | Reference |
Yes | 91 (58.0) | 66 (42.0) | 1.7 | 1.23 – 2.43 |
General obesity cut off BMI = 30 | ||||
No | 324 (40.3) | 480 (59.7) | 1 | Reference |
Yes | 222 (58.6) | 157 (41.4) | 1.73 | 1.23 – 2.43 |
Central obesity B | ||||
No | 169 (35.1) | 312 (64.9) | 1 | Reference |
Yes | 370 (53.9) | 317 (46.1) | 2.15 | 1.69 – 2.73 |
Frequency of eating rice in a month | ||||
≤ 6 times per month | 439 (45.4) | 529 (54.6) | 1 | Reference |
>6 times/month | 44 (34.9) | 82 (65.1) | 1.54 | 1.05 – 2.27 |
Frequency of walking per week in hours | ||||
< 10 hours per week | 202 (53.9) | 173 (46.1) | 1 | Reference |
10-30 hours/week | 274 (43.8) | 351 (56.2) | 0.66 | 0.51 – 0.86 |
≥ 30 hours/week | 68 (38.6) | 108 (61.4) | 0.50 | 0.37 – 0.77 |