Skip to main content

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses on the association between loneliness and health risk behaviours among Russian adolescents

From: Loneliness and health risk behaviours among Russian and U.S. adolescents: a cross-sectional study

  

Girls

Boys

  

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Health risk behaviours (outcome)

I felt lonely¤

OR (95% CI)

adj. OR (95% CI)†

adj. OR (95% CI)Ç‚

OR (95% CI)

adj. OR (95% CI)†

adj. OR (95% CI)Ç‚

Substance use

       

Smoking (past 30 days)

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

1.62 (1.20–2.19)b

1.52 (1.10–2.09)a

1.10 (0.79–1.52)

2.17 (1.42–3.32)c

2.13 (1.42–3.20)c

1.87 (1.08–3.24)a

Lifetime marijuana use

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

2.22 (1.11–4.44)a

2.06 (1.00–4.25)

2.28 (1.17–4.45)a

1.84 (1.07–3.17)a

1.81 (1.28–2.56)b

1.49 (0.74–3.00)

Lifetime other illicit drug use§

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

1.35 (0.87–2.11)

1.37 (0.87–2.15)

0.90 (0.62–1.30)

2.74 (1.56–4.81)c

2.83 (1.55–5.17)b

1.59 (0.85–2.96)

Alcohol consumption¶ (past 30 days)

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

1.12 (0.79–1.60)

1.07 (0.75–1.53)

0.81 (0.58–1.14)

1.08 (0.69–1.68)

1.03 (0.64–1.67)

0.76 (0.47–1.22)

Binge drinking# (past 30 days)

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

1.74 (1.15–2.65)b

1.62 (1.05–2.52)a

1.43 (0.90–2.28)

1.15 (0.78–1.70)

1.10 (0.72–1.69)

0.79 (0.44–1.41)

Sexual behaviour

       

Lifetime sex

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

1.79 (1.27–2.54)a

1.62 (1.16–2.26)b

1.28 (0.91–1.80)

1.60 (0.98–2.61)

1.56 (1.01–2.42)a

1.36 (0.80–2.33)

Last sex alcohol or drug use$

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

1.19 (0.36–3.91)

1.10 (0.27–4.41)

0.78 (0.15–4.10)

2.10 (1.20–3.69)a

2.18 (1.32–3.58)b

1.89 (0.83–4.34)

Last sex non-condom use$,*

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

1.58 (0.70–3.59)

1.38 (0.54–3.54)

1.58 (0.56–4.44)

0.96 (0.37–2.52)

1.05 (0.40–2.79)

0.79 (0.28–2.20)

Got someone pregnant/been pregnant*

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

2.22 (1.34–3.69)b

1.88 (1.15–3.09)a

1.69 (1.12–2.54)a

3.00 (1.90–4.72)c

2.99 (1.85–4.82)c

1.65 (0.81–3.36)

Violence (past year)

       

Started a fistfight or shoving match

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

0.92 (0.64–1.33)

0.88 (0.58–1.36)

0.76 (0.50–1.16)

0.82 (0.61–1.11)

0.86 (0.63–1.16)

0.67 (0.41–1.11)

Hurt someone badly in a physical fight

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

0.99 (0.46–2.14)

1.04 (0.46–2.35)

0.72 (0.30–1.75)

1.54 (0.96–2.47)

1.78 (1.08–2.94)a

1.05 (0.51–2.19)

Carried a blade, knife, or gun in school

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Yes

1.04 (0.54–1.99)

1.08 (0.56–2.07)

0.90 (0.42–1.92)

1.64 (1.23–2.18)b

1.75 (1.29–2.39)c

1.09 (0.62–1.90)

  1. ¤In response to the statement ‘I felt lonely (in the past 30 days)’, ‘Not true’ and ‘Somewhat true’ were used as the reference category (No) while ‘Certainly true’ was taken as signifying feeling lonely (Yes).
  2. †Adjusted for age, family structure, and parental education.
  3. Ç‚Adjusted for age, family structure, parental education, and depressive symptoms.
  4. §Illicit drug use includes huffing to get high (glue, aerosols), amphetamines, ecstasy or dust, LSD (Acid) or PCP.
  5. ¶Alcohol consumption was based on the consumption of either beer, wine or hard liquor.
  6. #Binge drinking referred to drinking at least five drinks of alcohol in a row on at least one day.
  7. $Restricted to those who ever had sex.
  8. *Age categories of 13 and 14 years among girls were collapsed for adjustment due to the small number of events in the youngest category.
  9. aP < 0.05, bP < 0.01, cP < 0.001.