From: Loneliness and health risk behaviours among Russian and U.S. adolescents: a cross-sectional study
 |  | Girls | Boys | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
Health risk behaviours (outcome) | I felt lonely¤ | OR (95% CI) | adj. OR (95% CI)†| adj. OR (95% CI)ǂ | OR (95% CI) | adj. OR (95% CI)†| adj. OR (95% CI)ǂ |
Substance use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Smoking (past 30 days) | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.62 (1.20–2.19)b | 1.52 (1.10–2.09)a | 1.10 (0.79–1.52) | 2.17 (1.42–3.32)c | 2.13 (1.42–3.20)c | 1.87 (1.08–3.24)a |
Lifetime marijuana use | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 2.22 (1.11–4.44)a | 2.06 (1.00–4.25) | 2.28 (1.17–4.45)a | 1.84 (1.07–3.17)a | 1.81 (1.28–2.56)b | 1.49 (0.74–3.00) |
Lifetime other illicit drug use§ | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.35 (0.87–2.11) | 1.37 (0.87–2.15) | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) | 2.74 (1.56–4.81)c | 2.83 (1.55–5.17)b | 1.59 (0.85–2.96) |
Alcohol consumption¶ (past 30 days) | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.12 (0.79–1.60) | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | 0.81 (0.58–1.14) | 1.08 (0.69–1.68) | 1.03 (0.64–1.67) | 0.76 (0.47–1.22) |
Binge drinking# (past 30 days) | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.74 (1.15–2.65)b | 1.62 (1.05–2.52)a | 1.43 (0.90–2.28) | 1.15 (0.78–1.70) | 1.10 (0.72–1.69) | 0.79 (0.44–1.41) |
Sexual behaviour | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Lifetime sex | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.79 (1.27–2.54)a | 1.62 (1.16–2.26)b | 1.28 (0.91–1.80) | 1.60 (0.98–2.61) | 1.56 (1.01–2.42)a | 1.36 (0.80–2.33) |
Last sex alcohol or drug use$ | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.19 (0.36–3.91) | 1.10 (0.27–4.41) | 0.78 (0.15–4.10) | 2.10 (1.20–3.69)a | 2.18 (1.32–3.58)b | 1.89 (0.83–4.34) |
Last sex non-condom use$,* | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.58 (0.70–3.59) | 1.38 (0.54–3.54) | 1.58 (0.56–4.44) | 0.96 (0.37–2.52) | 1.05 (0.40–2.79) | 0.79 (0.28–2.20) |
Got someone pregnant/been pregnant* | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 2.22 (1.34–3.69)b | 1.88 (1.15–3.09)a | 1.69 (1.12–2.54)a | 3.00 (1.90–4.72)c | 2.99 (1.85–4.82)c | 1.65 (0.81–3.36) |
Violence (past year) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Started a fistfight or shoving match | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 0.92 (0.64–1.33) | 0.88 (0.58–1.36) | 0.76 (0.50–1.16) | 0.82 (0.61–1.11) | 0.86 (0.63–1.16) | 0.67 (0.41–1.11) |
Hurt someone badly in a physical fight | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 0.99 (0.46–2.14) | 1.04 (0.46–2.35) | 0.72 (0.30–1.75) | 1.54 (0.96–2.47) | 1.78 (1.08–2.94)a | 1.05 (0.51–2.19) |
Carried a blade, knife, or gun in school | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.04 (0.54–1.99) | 1.08 (0.56–2.07) | 0.90 (0.42–1.92) | 1.64 (1.23–2.18)b | 1.75 (1.29–2.39)c | 1.09 (0.62–1.90) |