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Table 2 Differences in food intakes by gender and birth cohorts a as estimated using the mean polish process b

From: Descriptive epidemiological study of food intake among Japanese adults: analyses by age, time and birth cohort model

  

Men

Women

 

Year of birth

1930-39

1940-49

1950-59

1960-69

1970-79

1930-39

1940-49

1950-59

1960-69

1970-79

Ricec

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

3.1

-3.6

-3.4

1.2

2.2

0.7

1.6

-1.4

-1.6

-0.2

Wheat

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.3

1.2

-0.2

0.0

-2.1

-0.6

-1.7

-0.4

0.1

2.6

Potatoes

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

1.0

0.1

-0.1

-0.5

1.4

1.5

0.0

-2.0

-0.7

0.5

Green yellow vegetables

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

-0.1

0.8

0.9

0.1

-0.7

-3.4

1.5

3.8

1.3

-2.5

Other vegetables

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

-1.3

-1.9

-0.2

-1.9

4.2

-2.7

-0.6

4.5

0.8

-5.4

Fruits

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

3.0

3.2

1.4

-2.3

-2.7

-5.2

5.4

7.6

-4.5

-5.3

Milk, Dairy products

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

-4.7

3.6

-4.1

-7.6

5.3

3.4

3.2

0.1

-2.8

-0.8

Meat

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.3

-1.9

0.3

1.2

0.8

0.5

-2.1

-1.4

-0.1

1.8

Fish

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

-3.3

4.2

0.0

-2.3

1.3

-1.8

-0.1

5.7

-0.4

-4.7

Egg

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

-1.0

-1.2

1.8

-0.5

-0.8

-0.4

-1.0

-0.3

1.0

0.1

Beans

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

3.4

-1.3

-1.7

-1.1

1.2

1.5

0.3

-0.9

-0.1

-0.1

Confectionery

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

-0.8

0.2

-0.2

-0.3

-0.5

1.8

-0.8

-1.2

-0.7

1.5

Sugar

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.2

0.3

0.3

-0.1

-0.3

-0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.4

0.0

Fats and Oils

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

-0.1

0.0

0.5

0.4

-0.6

-0.2

0.2

0.1

0.2

-0.2

  1. Difference by birth cohort in food intakes are shown according to gender using the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, 1989, 1999 and 2009.
  2. aMinus symbol "-" means negative values. Positive values indicate more consumption in the particular birth cohort theoretically in any age group or at any time.
  3. bA statistical model symbolically represented by: Rij = ai + tj + c(k) [23] where Rij (food intake) is modeled by the sum of the effects of the ith age group (i = 1 to 5, representing age groups from 20-29 to 60-69) represented by ai, the effects of the jth time period (1989 or 1999 or 2009 survey) represented by tj, and the effects of the kth cohort (birth at 1930-1939, 1940-1949, 1950-1959, 1960-1969, 1970-1979) represented by c(k). A c(k) value greater than zero indicates higher than additive influence and less than zero indicates lower than additive influence from age/time effects on food intake.
  4. cRice intake presented for 2009 was calculated as the half of that reported in 2009 NHNS-J.