Overdose rescues by trained and untrained participants and change in opioid use among substance-using participants in overdose education and naloxone distribution programs: a retrospective cohort study

Table 2 Overdose rescues reported by substance using bystanders in Massachusetts, 2006-2010

	Rescues after training	Rescues before training	p-value*
	N = 508	N = 91	p-value*
Relationship to overdose victim			0.92
Friend	67% (341/508)	69% (63/91)
Partner/family	12% (62/508)	13% (12/91)
Stranger	9.1% (46/508)	8.8% (8/91)
Client/patient	**	**
Self	10% (53/508)	8.8% (8/91)
Declined	**	**
Overdose setting			0.13
Private	79% (395/498)	70% (62/89)
Public	20% (100/498)	29% (26/89)
Declined	**	**
Number of doses used			0.06
1	52% (244/468)	61% (52/85)
2	43% (201/468)	39% (33/85)
3+	4.9% (23/468)	0.0% (0/85)
Naloxone successful	97% (295/303)	96% (54/56)	0.70
911 called or emergency personnel present	23% (119/508)	27% (25/91)	0.41
Rescue breathing performed	47% (166/350)	52% (34/66)	0.54
Stayed with victim until alert or help arrived	89% (445/498)	89% (78/88)	0.84
Sternal rub	63% (222/350)	62% (41/66)	0.84
Slap	38% (134/350)	35% (23/66)	0.60
Ice or water	9.4% (33/350)	14% (9/66)	0.30
Salt or cocaine shot	0.0% (0/350)	0.0% (0/66)	--

Denominators less than the total number for each group are due to missing information.
*Categorical variables are compared using a chi square test.
**Cells with values less than 5 suppressed.

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