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Table 2 Age-sex-adjusted associations of demographics, health risks, and medical conditions with overweight/obesity and inadequate sleep (1977 – 2009)

From: Associations between inadequate sleep and obesity in the US adult population: analysis of the national health interview survey (1977–2009)

Characteristics

Overweight

Obesity

Very short sleep

Short sleep

Long sleep

 

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Demographics

     

Race/ethnicity ( reference: Whites )

     

  Blacks

1.42 (1.36, 1.47)*

1.98 (1.90, 2.06)*

2.24 (2.04, 2.45)*

1.54 (1.49, 1.60)*

1.62 (1.54, 1.71)*

  Others

0.73 (0.69, 0.77)*

0.55 (0.51, 0.60)*

1.05 (0.88, 1.25)*

1.15 (1.09, 1.22)*

0.95 (0.87, 1.05)

Education ( reference: High School or higher )

1.10 (1.06, 1.14)*

1.24 (1.19, 1.29)*

1.93 (1.77, 2.11)*

1.04 (1.00, 1.08)*

2.01 (1.92, 2.10)*

Marital status ( reference: married )

     

  Widowed

0.92 (0.87, 0.98)*

0.98 (0.91, 1.05)

2.17 (1.87, 2.52)*

1.38 (1.30, 1.47)*

1.58 (1.45, 1.73)*

  Divorced

0.96 (0.92, 1.00)

1.12 (1.07, 1.16)*

2.67 (2.41, 2.95)*

1.55 (1.50, 1.61)*

1.16 (1.09, 1.23)

  Separated

1.10 (1.02, 1.18)*

1.39 (1.28, 1.50)*

3.53 (3.03, 4.11)*

1.59 (1.48, 1.70)*

1.50 (1.35, 1.66)*

  Single

0.81 (0.78, 0.84)*

0.99 (0.95, 1.03)

1.47 (1.32, 1.64)*

1.03 (0.99, 1.06)*

1.59 (1.51, 1.67)*

Total family income (reference: ≥ $35,000)

0.89 (0.87, 0.92)*

0.95 (0.92, 0.98)*

2.09 (1.92, 2.27)*

1.04 (1.02, 1.07)*

1.84 (1.75, 1.92)*

Poverty status ( reference: above poverty )

1.05 (1.00, 1.10)*

1.39 (1.32, 1.45)*

2.86 (2.59, 3.17)*

1.19 (1.14, 1.24)*

2.04 (1.93, 2.16)*

Smoking status ( reference: never smokers )

0.99 (0.99, 0.99)*

0.99 (0.99, 0.99)*

1.06 (1.05, 1.06)*

1.02 (1.02, 1.03)*

1.04 (1.03 1.04)*

Alcohol consumption ( reference: never )

     

  Former

1.09 (1.03, 1.15)*

1.35 (1.27, 1.43)*

1.92 (1.67, 2.21)*

1.53 (1.45, 1.61)*

1.35 (1.25, 1.47)*

  Current

0.95 (0.92, 0.99)*

0.86 (0.82, 0.90)*

0.98 (0.88, 1.10)*

1.28 (1.23, 1.33)*

0.82 (0.77, 0.87)*

Physical activity (reference: yes) a

1.05 (0.99, 1.10)

1.32 (1.24, 1.40)*

1.08 (0.99, 1.17)

1.08 (1.03, 1.18)

1.47 (1.32, 1.63)*

Emotional distress (reference: yes) a

1.07 (0.96, 1.18)

1.88 (1.71, 1.35)*

5.51 (5.02, 6.05)*

5.51 (5.02, 6.05)*

3.07 (2.72, 3.46)*

Self-reported comorbid conditions

     

  Cancer

1.05 (0.99, 1.10)

1.32 (1.24, 1.40)*

1.50 (1.28, 1.77)*

1.10 (0.99, 1.17)

1.47 (1.32, 1.63)*

  Diabetes

1.84 (1.69, 1.99)*

4.69 (4.43, 5.05)*

2.15 (1.85, 2.50)*

1.24 (1.16, 1.31)*

1.93 (1.77, 2.11)*

  Hypertension

1.70 (1.65, 1.76)*

3.66 (3.52, 3.79)*

2.14 (1.95, 2.35)*

1.28 (1.24, 1.32)*

1.52 (1.45, 1.60)*

  Kidney disease

1.02 (0.87, 1.18)*

1.52 (1.31, 1.77)*

3.10 (2.38, 4.01)*

0.60 (0.52, 0.68)*

1.77 (1.47, 2.13)*

  Myocardial infarction

1.19 (1.04, 1.35)*

1.96 (1.73, 2.23)*

2.89 (2.33, 2.59)*

1.24 (1.11, 1.38)*

2.54 (2.20, 2.94)*

  Coronary heart disease

1.27 (1.13, 1.42)*

1.92 (1.72, 2.14)*

2.30 (1.89 2.80)*

1.15 (1.04 1.25)*

2.15 (1.87, 2.44)*

  Stroke

1.07 (0.96, 1.20)

1.55 (1.38, 1.74)*

4.19 (3.45, 5.09)*

1.39 (1.25, 1.55)*

3.04 (2.67, 3.45)*

Sleep measure ( reference: healthy sleep )

     

  Very short sleep

1.30 (1.19, 1.43)*

2.17 (1.97, 2.40)*

--

--

--

  Short sleep

1.20 (1.16, 1.23)*

1.57 (1.52, 1.63)*

--

--

--

  Long sleep

0.99 (0.94, 1.04)

1.20 (1.14, 1.26)*

--

--

--

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.
  2. *P < 0.05.
  3. aThese measures were available from 2004 to 2009.
  4. Compares those with less high school education to person with a high school diploma or higher.