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Table 6 Bivariate and multivariable analyses of sample and housing characteristics and occupants’ self-reported poor health, Greater Accra Region, Ghana, 2012

From: Residential characteristics as correlates of occupants’ health in the greater Accra region, Ghana

Variable

Self-rated occupant’s health

Unadjusted OR, 95% CI

P = Value

Multivariable analysis (R 2 = 33.8) Adjusted ORs (95% CI)

Good health n(%)

Poor heath n(%)

Sex

     

  Male

245(96.8)

8(3.2)

1

 

1

  Female

229(92.7)

18(7.3)

2.41 [1.03-5.64]

0.044

2.98 [1.06-8.35]

Employment status

     

  Formal

188(97.9)

4(2.1)

1

 

1

  Informal

285(92.9)

22(7.1)

3.62 [1.23-10.66]

0.013

0.79 [0.63-0.99]

Income

     

  High

100(99.0)

1(1.0)

1

 

1

  Low

374(93.7)

25(6.3)

6.68 [0.90-49.93]

0.041

[not included]

# of windows per bedroom

     

  2 or more

393(96.3)

15(3.7)

1

 

1

  < 2 windows

81(88.0)

11(12.0)

3.56 [1.58-8.03]

0.03

1.33[0.90-1.96]

House wall material

     

  Cement

367[95.1]

19[4.9]

1

 

1

  Non-cement

107[93.9]

7[6.1]

1.26 [0.52-3.09]

0.63

[not included]

Odour present

     

  No

370(96.1

15(3.9)

1

 

1

  Yes

104(90.4)

11(9.6)

2.61 [1.16-5.85]

0.028

2.67 [0.68-10.43]

Stale air present

     

  No

378(96.7)

13(3.3)

1

 

1

  Yes

96(88.1)

13(11.9)

3.94 [1.77-8.77]

0.001

3.89 [0.91-10.45]

Has privacy 1 in the house

     

  Yes

403(97.3)

11(2.7)

1

 

1

  No

71(82.6)

15(17.4)

7.74 [3.41-17.54]

<0.001

8.16 [2.86-23.26]

Location

     

  Outside Accra

89(89.0)

11(11.0)

1

 

1

  Within Accra

385(96.3)

15(3.7)

0.32 [0.14-0.71]

0.009

0.14 [0.04-0.53]

Shares toilet facility

     

  No

263(96.7)

9(3.3)

1

 

1

  Yes

211(92.5)

17(7.5)

2.35 [1.03-5.39]

0.044

1.55 [0.44-5.44]

Hand washing facility

     

  Present

226(97.0)

7(3.0)

1

 

1

  Absent

248(92.9)

19(7.1)

2.47 [1.02-5.99]

0.044

1.03 [0.36-2.91]

Type of house

     

  Self-contained*

303(96.5)

11(3.5)

1

 

1

  Not self-contained/other

171(91.9)

15(8.1)

2.42 [1.09-5.38]

0.036

0.804 [0.25-2.57]

House needs repair

     

  No

277(98.2)

5(1.8)

1

 

1

  Yes

197(90.4)

21(9.6)

5.91 [2.19-15.91]

<0.001

1.877 [0.68-5.91]

  1. Note: Significance considered at p-value < 0.05 and if the OR estimate did not cross the null for 95% CI. Fishers Exact Test used for small cell counts. *Self-contained – means house has an inbuilt sanitary and kitchen facilities.
  2. 1Privacy in a house–response to the question: ‘Do you have privacy at home?’
  3. The final model included: type of house, house wall material, shared toilet, hand washing facility, number of windows per bedroom, sex, employment status, household income, stale air present, odour present, house needs repair, has privacy in the house, and location.