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Table 4 Factors associated with intimate partner violence exposure in the previous year

From: A cross-sectional study identifying the pattern of factors related to psychological intimate partner violence exposure in Slovenian family practice attendees: what hurt them the most

 

No IPV n = 413

Psych IPV n = 57

cOR (95% CI)

p

aOR (95% CI)

p

Female gender

242 (58.6)

46 (80.7)

2.96 (1.49–5.87)

0.002

2.44 (0.96–6.18)

0.060

Marital status

      

   Married or living in intimate partnership

306 (74.1)

46 (80.7)

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

   Widowed

50 (12.1)

4 (7.0)

0.53 (0.18–1.54)

0.245

0.90 (0.15–5.32)

0.905

   Single

57 (13.8)

7 (12.3)

0.82 (0.35–1.90)

0.639

1.06 (0.19–5.85)

0.949

Divorce in the past

76 (18.4)

12 (21.1)

1.18 (0.60–2.34)

0.631

0.69 (0.25–1.88)

0.468

Living in urban setting

366 (88.6)

51 (89.5)

1.09 (0.44–2.68)

0.849

1.09 (0.35–3.37)

0.877

Employment status

      

   Regularly employed

248 (60.0)

25 (43.9)

1.00 (reference

 

1.00 (reference)

 

   Retired

104 (25.2)

15 (26.3)

1.43 (0.73–2.82)

0.302

2.18 (0.66–7.13)

0.199

   Unemployed or working part time

61 (14.8)

17 (29.8)

2.77 (1.41–5.44)

0.003

5.82 (2.09–16.17)

0.001

Level of education

      

   Elementary school

48 (11.6)

4 (7.0)

1.00 (reference

 

1.00 (reference)

 

   High school

180 (43.6)

23 (40.4)

1.53 (0.51–4.65)

0.450

2.30 (0.58–9.14)

0.237

   College degree or more

185 (44.8)

30 (52.6)

1.95 (0.65–5.79)

0.231

4.78 (1.09–20.96)

0.038

Below-average monthly income per family member

232 (56.2)

34 (59.6)

1.15 (0.66–2.03)

0.620

0.95 (0.39–2.28)

0.904

Financial support provided by state

99 (24.0)

16 (28.1)

1.24 (0.67–2.30)

0.500

1.35 (0.55–3.34)

0.511

The length of intimate relationship ≥6 years

262 (63.4)

43 (75.4)

1.77 (0.94–3.34)

0.078

4.25 (1.01–17.85)

0.048

Alcohol or drug consumption in the family

112 (27.1)

24 (42.1)

1.96 (1.11–3.45)

0.021

1.55 (0.71–3.37)

0.272

Age

      

   35 years or less

124 (30.0)

15 (26.3)

1.00 (reference

 

1.00 (reference)

 

   36–64 years

221 (53.5)

33 (57.9)

1.23 (0.65–2.36)

0.525

0.92 (0.31–2.74)

0.885

   65 years or more

68 (16.5)

9 (15.8)

1.09 (0.46–2.63)

0.841

1.03 (0.19–5.49)

0.976

Parenting

      

   No

114 (27.6)

12 (21.1)

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

   One child

98 (23.7)

19 (33.3)

1.84 (0.85–3.98)

0.121

0.68 (0.19–2.40)

0.547

   Two children or more

201 (48.7)

26 (45.6)

1.23 (0.60–2.53)

0.576

0.51 (0.14–1.88)

0.315

Older intimate partner

112 (27.1)

24 (42.1)

1.96 (1.11–3.45)

0.021

1.88 (0.80–4.42)

0.150

Patient’s MCR: personality disorders

26 (6.3)

7 (12.3)

2.08 (0.86–5.05)

0.104

0.88 (0.29–2.72)

0.828

Patient’s MCR: domestic violence exposure in primary family

103 (24.9)

23 (40.4)

2.04 (1.15–3.62)

0.015

1.35 (0.60–3.06)

0.466

Patient’s MCR: history of disputes in intimate relationship

104 (25.2)

46 (80.7)

12.43 6.21–24.88)

<0.001

13.85 (5.72–33.55)

<0.001

Patient’s MCR: financial difficulties and instability

227 (55.0)

44 (77.2)

2.77 (1.45–5.30)

0.002

1.22 (0.46–3.27)

0.686

Patient’s MCR: dysfunctional family relations

189 (45.8)

42 (73.7)

3.32 (1.78–6.17)

<0.001

1.37 (0.59–3.18)

0.467

Patient’s MCR: history of unemployment

130 (31.5)

26 (45.6)

1.82 (1.04–3.20)

0.035

0.66 (0.26–1.68)

0.386

Patient’s MCR: muscular inflammations

176 (42.6)

35 (61.4)

2.14 (1.21–3.78)

0.009

1.18 (0.56–2.52)

0.662

Patient’s MCR: gynaecological disorders, inflammations

137 (33.2)

34 (59.6)

2.98 (1.69–5.25)

<0.001

0.98 (0.43–2.24)

0.959

Patient’s MCR: complications during pregnancy/spontaneous abortions

55 (13.3)

13 (22.8)

1.92 (1.09–4.13)

0.060

1.07 (0.36–3.17)

0.909

Patient’s MCR: the onset of depression and/or generalised anxiety disorder

272 (65.9)

51 (89.5)

4.41 (1.85–10.52)

0.001

1.39 (0.37–5.23)

0.630

Patient’s MCR: eating and sleeping disorders

151 (36.6)

29 (50.9)

1.80 (1.03–3.14)

0.039

0.93 (0.42–2.03)

0.849

Patient’s MCR: phobias and panic attacks

144 (34.9)

33 (57.9)

2.57 (1.46–4.51)

0.001

2.30 (0.97–5.44)

0.057

Patient’s MCR: low level of self-esteem: Expressing shame and guilt

173 (41.9)

39 (68.4)

3.01 (1.66–5.43)

<0.001

1.32 (0.53–3.31)

0.550

Patient’s MCR: post-traumatic stress disorder

148 (35.8)

33 (57.9)

2.46 (1.40–4.32)

0.002

0.80 (0.33–1.97)

0.632

Patient’s MCR: psychosomatic disorders

292 (70.7)

50 (87.7)

2.96 (1.31–6.71)

0.009

0.63 (0.19–2.10)

0.451

  1. cOR: crude odds ratio.
  2. aOR: adjusted odds ratio – adjusted for age, gender, and all other independent variables in the table.
  3. Patient’s MCR: Patient’s Medical Chart Review.
  4. A Logistic Regression Model: χ 2 = 114.112, df = 33, p < 0.001, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.413.