Table 5 Translating Mongolian NCD KAP findings into public health practice

Mongolian men

High prevalence of smoking; riskier attitudes towards smoking i.e. allowing smoking indoors; and less inclined to acknowledge the necessity of smoke-free working environments.

● Increase and improve taxation on cigarettes and other tobacco products [14–16].

● Reinforce restrictions on the advertisement of tobacco products.

● Increase picture health warnings on cigarette packs [14, 17].

● Use gender-sensitive prevention and harm reduction techniques such as counter-advertisement [18].

● Prohibit smoking in all public spaces and office spaces [19].

● Increase provision of smoking cessation counselling by healthcare providers.

● Increase access to free smoking cessation programs, for example quit lines [20].

Urban Mongolians

Higher prevalence of smoking.

● Same measures as for Mongolian men.

Mongolian youth

High prevalence of smoking compared to other countries; less awareness about the health harms associated with smoking.

● Increase the level of early education on the harms of tobacco smoking [21].

● Reinforce restrictions on the advertisement of tobacco products [22].

● Prohibit the sale of tobacco on store shelves and the sale of non-tobacco products as tobacco products.

● Reinforce the ban on selling tobacco to youth under 16 at point of sales.