Table 2 Results of individual studies

Social democratic

Virtanen et al. [24]

FI

Mental and behavioral disorders including: depressive disorders, mania and bipolar affective disorder, anxiety disorders (phobias, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder), reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders, personality disorder, schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders and mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use (ICD-10 Chapter F)

Study participants followed for an average of 6.3 years

n = 141,917

Depressive disorder = 2,679

Cumulative incidence of disability benefit receipt:

Depressive disorders = 1.9%

Cumulative incidence

Mania and bipolar affective disorder =150

Mania and bipolar affective disorder = 0.1%

Anxiety disorder = 314

Anxiety disorder = 0.2%

Reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders = 275

Reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders = 0.2%

Adult personality and behaviour disorders = 54

Adult personality and behaviour disorders = 0.04%

Schizophrenia and schizotypal and delusional disorder = 283

Schizophrenia and schizotypal and delusional disorder = 0.2%

Mental and behavioural disorders owing to psychoactive substance use = 62

Mental and behavioural disorders owing to psychoactive substance use = 0.04%

Roelen et al. [28]

NL

Common mental disorders (CMD) included distress (ICD-10 R45), other stress-related disorders (ICD-10 F43), depressive disorders (ICD-10 F32) and anxiety disorders (ICD-10 F40 and F41)

Total Employees:

Number of episodes:

12-month incidence of sickness absence for CMD by year/100 employees (95% CI):

Dynamic cohort study 12-month incidence of total certified sickness absence = number of medically certified sickness absence episodes/number of employees covered

2001 = 956,623

2001 = 21,140

2001 = 2.2 (2.2, 2.2)

2002 = 962,235

2002 = 22,803

2002 = 2.4 (2.3, 2.4)

2003 = 937,030

2003 = 24,917

2003 = 2.7 (2.6, 2.7)

2004 = 1,037,149

2004 = 27,533

2004 = 2.7 (2.6, 2.7)

2005 = 961,890

2005 = 22,682

2005 = 2.4 (2.3, 2.4)

2006 = 970,390

2006 = 20,013

2006 = 2.1 (2, 2.1)

2007 = 921,741

2007 = 18,513

2007 = 2 (2, 2)

Koopmans et al. [26]

NL

Common mental disorders (CMD) from medical certification: stress-related (distress and adjustment disorders) (ICD-10 R45, F43) and psychiatric (mild to moderate depressive and anxiety disorders) (ICD10 F32.0, F32.1, F40.0, F40.1, F40.2, F41.0, F41.1, F41.2, F41.3)

Dynamic cohort study

Number of employees = 137,172

From 2001–2007, CMD densities/1,000 worker-years (95% CI):

Index episode = one episode during research period

Worker-years = 363,461

Men:

Men:

Incidence density of index episodes = # of employees with a first episode of sickness absence due to CMDs between 2001 and 2007/worker-years of the total population at risk

Stress = 4,704

Stress = 19.7 (19.1, 20.2)

Psychiatric = 723 (2.8, 3.2)

Psychiatric = 3.0 (2.8, 3.2)

Total CMD = 34,603

Total CMD = 21.8 (21.2, 22.4)

Women:

Women:

Stress = 3,298

Stress = 27.8 (26.8, 28.7)

Psychiatric = 612

Psychiatric = 5.2 (4.7, 5.6)

Total CMD = 18,026

Total CMD = 31.5 (30.5, 32.5)

Roelen et al. [27]

NL

Mental and behavioral disorders from medical certification (ICD-10 F00-F99)

Dynamic cohort

Number of employees = 137,172

Mental and behavioural disorders = 7,197

From 2001–2007, incidence density/1,000 worker-years

Mental and behavioural disorders (95% CI):

Incidence density = incident episodes of sickness absence/worker-years at risk

Worker-years = 363,461

Incidence density = 27.7 (27.0, 28.4)

Roelen et al. [29]

NL

Mental and behavioral disorders from medical certification: emotional disturbance (ICD-10 R45), depressive disorders (ICD-10 F32), anxiety disorders (ICD-10 F40-41) and stress-related disorders (ICD-10 F43)

Incidence/year

2001 = 956,623

Not described

Incidence of sickness absence by year/1,000 employees (95% CI):

2001 = 21.1 (20.8, 21.4)

2002 = 962,235

2002 = 22.5 (22.3, 22.8)

2003 = 937,030

2003 = 25.3 (25.0, 25.6)

2004 = 1,037,149

2004 = 25.5 (25.2, 25.8)

2005 = 961,890

2005 = 22.9 (22.6, 23.2)

2006 = 970,390

2006 = 20.0 (19.7, 20.3)

2007 = 913,266

2007 = 20.1 (19.8, 20.4)

2008 = 924,300

2008 = 19.4 (19.1, 19.7)

2009 = 1,033,072

2009 = 16.9 (16.6, 17.2)

2010 = 1,006,861

2010 = 17.7 (17.4, 18.0)

Hensing et al. [25]

NO

Included: Psychoses (ICD-10 F20-31, F35-39), anxiety (ICD-10 F40-F43), neurotic conditions (ICD-10 F44-48, F99), depression (ICD-10 F32-F34), personality disorders (ICD-10 F60-69), alcohol/drug abuse (ICD-10 F10-F19)

Cumulative incidence = # of individuals with ≥ 1 sickness absence episode initiated in each year studied/# of individuals entitled to sickness benefits during that year

Denominator:

Not described

Age-adjusted cumulative incidence of sickness absence in 2000 (95% CI):

Men: n = 1,219,338

Women: n = 1,063,423

Men:

Psychoses = 0.09% (0.09, 0.09)

Anxiety disorders = 0.20% (0.19, 0.20)

Neurotic conditions = 0.54% (0.54, 0.54)

Depression = 1.31% (1.29, 1.33)

Personality disorders = 0.01% (0.01, 0.01)

Excluded: Dementia, organic psychoses, mental retardation and child and adolescent psychiatry

Alcohol and drug disorders = 0.09% (0.09, 0.09)

Women:

Psychoses = 0.10% (0.10, 0.10)

Anxiety disorders = 0.35% (0.34, 0.35)

Neurotic conditions = 1.11% (1.09, 1.13)

Depression = 3.01% (3.00, 3.04)

Personality disorders = 0.01% (0.01, 0.02)

Alcohol and drug disorders = 0.02% (0.02, 0.03)

Liberal

Dewa et al. [11]

CA (Ontario)

Schizophrenia, mood disorders, stress-related disorders and mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use (ICD-10 F00-F99 and Z502, Z503, Z561-566, Z630-Z639, Z729, Z733, Z738, Z864 and Z915)

Incidence = Number of sickness absence episodes/worker-years at risk

n = 12,407 employees

Total = 698

Incidence of disability/100 worker-years (95% CI):

n = 33,028.79 worker-years

Men = 449

Mental disorders:

Women = 249

Total = 2.1 (2.0, 2.3)

Men = 1.7 (1.6, 1.9)

Women = 3.6 (3.2, 4.1)

Latin America

Barbosa-Branco et al. [32]

BR

Disorders in the ICD-10 Mental and Behavioral Disorders Chapter 5

Case = a newly granted sickness absence claim

n = 32,590,239

Not described

Age and sex standardized rates of sickness absences for mental and behavioral disorders/10,000 workers = 45.1

Cases that were within 60 days of each other for the same diagnosis were considered to constitute one case

Incidence = number of sickness benefit claims due to mental disorders/average number of workers at risk

Reis et al. [30]

BR

Mental and behavioral disorders (ICD-10 F00-F99)

Incidence density = number of new sickness absence/total worker-time at risk for the first sickness absence

n = 1,542 workers

n = 324

Mental and behavioral disorders:

Incidence density/100 worker-months = 0.33

Barbosa-Branco et al. [31]

BR

Disorders in the ICD-10 Mental and Behavioral Disorders Chapter 5

Case = a newly granted sickness absence claim

n = 32,590,239

Prevalence of sickness absence claims/10,000 workers:

Cases that were within 60 days of each other for the same diagnosis were considered to constitute one case

Any mental disorder = 147,105

Any mental disorder = 45.1

Depressive episode = 50,289

Depressive episode = 15.4

Other anxiety disorder = 19,508

Other anxiety disorder = 6.0

Incidence = number of sickness benefit claims due to mental disorders/average number of workers at risk

Recurrent depressive episode = 14,524

Recurrent depressive episode = 4.5

Multiple drug use = 11,224

Multiple drug use = 3.4

Bipolar affective disorders = 9,504

Bipolar affective disorders = 2.9

Reaction to severe stress = 9,008

Reaction to severe stress = 2.8

Use of alcohol = 8,545

Use of alcohol = 2.6

Schizophrenia = 4,616

Schizophrenia = 1.4

Use of cocaine = 3,468

Use of cocaine = 1.1

Unspecified nonorganic psychosis = 2,950

Unspecified nonorganic psychosis = 0.91

Phobic anxiety disorders = 2,023

Phobic anxiety disorders = 0.6

Unspecified nonorganic psychosis = 1,794

Unspecified nonorganic psychosis = 0.6