Table 1 Characteristics of the participants at the baseline (n = 104)

Sex^ψ

 Female

28 (53.8%)

31 (59.6%)

0.553

 Male

24 (46.2%)

21 (40.4%)

Age (years)

16.7 (1.0)

16.8 (1.0)

0.797

Body weight (kg)

82.9 (14.9)

87.6 (13.0)

0.090

Body height (m)

1.65 (0.09)

1.66 (0.08)

0.444

Body mass index (kg/m²)

30.2 (3.5)

31.6 (4.2)

0.068

Waist circumference (cm)

92.3 (9.8)

96.5 (10.9)

0.043

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

121.6 (10.2)

123.1 (9.7)

0.462

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

72.4 (8.7)

74.0 (8.0)

0.326

Body fat (%)

36.8 (8.3)

39.8 (7.3)

0.051

Trunk fat (%)

40.5 (7.2)

42.9 (6.1)

0.071

Visceral fat (%)^†

12.5 (9.0 – 19.0)

14.2 (10.8 – 19.8)

0.367

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.4 (0.7)

4.2 (0.7)

0.303

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.3 (0.3)

1.2 (0.3)

0.674

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.6 (0.7)

2.5 (0.6)

0.580

Non HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.1 (0.7)

3.0 (0.7)

0.416

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.1 (0.4)

1.0 (0.4)

0.236

Urine ACR (mg/mmol)^†

0.45 (0.26 – 0.84)

0.56 (0.33 – 1.32)

0.069

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

4.6 (0.3)

4.7 (0.3)

0.071

Two-hour FPG (mmol/L)

6.0 (1.3)

6.1 (1.2)

0.642

AUC glucose (10² mmol/L * min)

8.1 (1.3)

8.5 (1.3)

0.176

Diabetes status^ψ

 Normal

44 (84.6%)

46 (88.5%)

0.566

 Impaired glucose tolerance

8 (15.4%)

6 (11.5%)