From: Do early onset and pack-years of smoking increase risk of type II diabetes?
 | South Korean men | U.S. men | South Korean women | U.S. women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Hazard ratio | P-value | Hazard ratio | P-value | Hazard ratio | P-value | Hazard ratio | P-value |
 | (95% CI) |  | (95% CI) |  | (95% CI) |  | (95% CI) |  |
Smoking Onset Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Never Smoked | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
≥26 years | 1.26 (0.60-2.65) | 0.540 | 1.82 (0.81-4.11) | 0.139 | 1.43 (0.70-2.93) | 0.33 | 1.79 (0.59-5.47) | 0.287 |
21–25 years | 1.39 (0.71-2.73) | 0.340 | 1.68 (0.79-3.55) | 0.163 | 0.50 (0.06-4.18) | 0.519 | 1.26 (0.48-3.34) | 0.622 |
16–20 years | 1.54 (0.82-2.88) | 0.180 | 1.58 (1.05-2.37) | 0.031 | 0.10 (0.01-0.84) | 0.034 | 1.83 (0.85-3.90) | 0.112 |
<16Â years | 2.46 (1.04-5.79) | 0.040 | 1.64 (1.01-2.67) | 0.047 | 1.54 (0.21-11.14) | 0.67 | 2.01 (0.67-6.05) | 0.200 |
Smoking Pack-year [10 pack year]* | 1.03 (0.96-1.10) | 0.476 | 1.07 (1.01-1.12) | 0.02 | 0.97 (0.64-1.48) | 0.901 | 1.02 (0.93-1.12) | 0.606 |
Age (Years) | 1.05 (1.04-1.07) | <.0001 | 1.04 (1.03-1.05) | <.0001 | 1.05 (1.04-1.07) | <.0001 | 1.03 (1.02-1.05) | 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 1.09 (1.04-1.15) | 0.001 | 1.08 (1.05-1.11) | <.0001 | 1.11 (1.07-1.16) | <.0001 | 1.08 (1.06-1.10) | <.0001 |
Family Income Percentile | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<25 % | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
26 % –50 % | 0.72 (0.43-1.21) | 0.215 | 1.05 (0.72-1.55) | 0.777 | 1.35 (0.86-2.11) | 0.197 | 1.07 (0.71-1.62) | 0.719 |
51 % –75 % | 0.68 (0.38-1.25) | 0.213 | 0.86 (0.49-1.50) | 0.568 | 1.21 (0.68-2.15) | 0.511 | 0.71 (0.42-1.23) | 0.205 |
>75 % | 0.76 (0.44-1.31) | 0.323 | 0.73 (0.45-1.21) | 0.203 | 0.76 (0.42-1.39) | 0.375 | 0.85 (0.42-1.70) | 0.616 |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Less than Elementary School | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Less than Middle School | 1.45 (0.88-2.40) | 0.144 | 0.84 (0.46-1.54) | 0.555 | 0.67 (0.35-1.27) | 0.218 | 0.73 (0.32-1.64) | 0.418 |
High School Diploma | 1.26 (0.78-2.05) | 0.346 | 0.87 (0.53-1.42) | 0.556 | 1.00 (0.60-1.68) | 0.987 | 0.51 (0.25-1.02) | 0.056 |
At Least Some College | 0.86 (0.47-1.58) | 0.625 | 0.89 (0.58-1.35) | 0.557 | 0.61 (0.22-1.72) | 0.349 | 0.44 (0.23-0.83) | 0.014 |
Marital Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Other | 0.86 (0.46-1.63) | 0.647 | 1.11 (0.78-1.56) | 0.545 | 0.96 (0.68-1.36) | 0.821 | 0.84 (0.61-1.16) | 0.271 |
Alcohol Consumption | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not At All | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Less than Once a Month | 1.39 (0.81-2.39) | 0.235 | 0.92 (0.66-1.29) | 0.602 | 0.95 (0.65-1.38) | 0.773 | 0.51 (0.30-0.87) | 0.017 |
More than Twice a Month | 1.05 (0.66-1.66) | 0.852 | 0.73 (0.21-2.53) | 0.603 | 0.91 (0.55-1.50) | 0.704 | 0.94 (0.34-2.60) | 0.893 |
Moderate Intensity Activity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
No | 0.98 (0.67-1.43) | 0.917 | 1.15 (0.74-1.77) | 0.52 | 1.24 (0.89-1.71) | 0.198 | 1.26 (0.80-1.98) | 0.305 |
Daily Energy Intake (kcal)* | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.018 | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.142 | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.459 | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.215 |
Race | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Non-Hispanic White | Â | Â | 1 | Â | Â | Â | 1 | Â |
Mexican American | Â | Â | 1.70 (1.01-2.87) | 0.048 | Â | Â | 1.37 (0.62-3.05) | 0.414 |
Other Hispanic | Â | Â | 2.35 (1.17-4.70) | 0.019 | Â | Â | 2.08 (1.18-3.67) | 0.015 |
Non-Hispanic Black | Â | Â | 2.03 (1.20-3.44) | 0.011 | Â | Â | 1.87 (1.12-3.12) | 0.019 |
Other Race (Including Multiracial) | Â | Â | 1.86 (0.78-4.42) | 0.149 | Â | Â | 3.46 (1.44-8.30) | 0.008 |
Estimated number of Population | 23,681,690 | Â | 84,085,965 | Â | 23,193,263 | Â | 78,989,240 | Â |