Skip to main content

Table 3 Adjusted hazard ratios for the association between stratified onset age of smoking and diabetes using South Korea NHANES 2010, United States NHANES 2009-2010

From: Do early onset and pack-years of smoking increase risk of type II diabetes?

 

South Korean men

U.S. men

South Korean women

U.S. women

 

Hazard ratio

P-value

Hazard ratio

P-value

Hazard ratio

P-value

Hazard ratio

P-value

 

(95% CI)

 

(95% CI)

 

(95% CI)

 

(95% CI)

 

Smoking Onset Age

        

Never Smoked

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

≥26 years

1.26 (0.60-2.65)

0.540

1.82 (0.81-4.11)

0.139

1.43 (0.70-2.93)

0.33

1.79 (0.59-5.47)

0.287

21–25 years

1.39 (0.71-2.73)

0.340

1.68 (0.79-3.55)

0.163

0.50 (0.06-4.18)

0.519

1.26 (0.48-3.34)

0.622

16–20 years

1.54 (0.82-2.88)

0.180

1.58 (1.05-2.37)

0.031

0.10 (0.01-0.84)

0.034

1.83 (0.85-3.90)

0.112

<16 years

2.46 (1.04-5.79)

0.040

1.64 (1.01-2.67)

0.047

1.54 (0.21-11.14)

0.67

2.01 (0.67-6.05)

0.200

Smoking Pack-year [10 pack year]*

1.03 (0.96-1.10)

0.476

1.07 (1.01-1.12)

0.02

0.97 (0.64-1.48)

0.901

1.02 (0.93-1.12)

0.606

Age (Years)

1.05 (1.04-1.07)

<.0001

1.04 (1.03-1.05)

<.0001

1.05 (1.04-1.07)

<.0001

1.03 (1.02-1.05)

0.001

BMI (kg/m 2 )

1.09 (1.04-1.15)

0.001

1.08 (1.05-1.11)

<.0001

1.11 (1.07-1.16)

<.0001

1.08 (1.06-1.10)

<.0001

Family Income Percentile

        

<25 %

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

26 % –50 %

0.72 (0.43-1.21)

0.215

1.05 (0.72-1.55)

0.777

1.35 (0.86-2.11)

0.197

1.07 (0.71-1.62)

0.719

51 % –75 %

0.68 (0.38-1.25)

0.213

0.86 (0.49-1.50)

0.568

1.21 (0.68-2.15)

0.511

0.71 (0.42-1.23)

0.205

>75 %

0.76 (0.44-1.31)

0.323

0.73 (0.45-1.21)

0.203

0.76 (0.42-1.39)

0.375

0.85 (0.42-1.70)

0.616

Education

        

Less than Elementary School

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Less than Middle School

1.45 (0.88-2.40)

0.144

0.84 (0.46-1.54)

0.555

0.67 (0.35-1.27)

0.218

0.73 (0.32-1.64)

0.418

High School Diploma

1.26 (0.78-2.05)

0.346

0.87 (0.53-1.42)

0.556

1.00 (0.60-1.68)

0.987

0.51 (0.25-1.02)

0.056

At Least Some College

0.86 (0.47-1.58)

0.625

0.89 (0.58-1.35)

0.557

0.61 (0.22-1.72)

0.349

0.44 (0.23-0.83)

0.014

Marital Status

        

Married

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Other

0.86 (0.46-1.63)

0.647

1.11 (0.78-1.56)

0.545

0.96 (0.68-1.36)

0.821

0.84 (0.61-1.16)

0.271

Alcohol Consumption

        

Not At All

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Less than Once a Month

1.39 (0.81-2.39)

0.235

0.92 (0.66-1.29)

0.602

0.95 (0.65-1.38)

0.773

0.51 (0.30-0.87)

0.017

More than Twice a Month

1.05 (0.66-1.66)

0.852

0.73 (0.21-2.53)

0.603

0.91 (0.55-1.50)

0.704

0.94 (0.34-2.60)

0.893

Moderate Intensity Activity

        

Yes

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

No

0.98 (0.67-1.43)

0.917

1.15 (0.74-1.77)

0.52

1.24 (0.89-1.71)

0.198

1.26 (0.80-1.98)

0.305

Daily Energy Intake (kcal)*

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

0.018

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

0.142

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

0.459

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

0.215

Race

        

Non-Hispanic White

  

1

   

1

 

Mexican American

  

1.70 (1.01-2.87)

0.048

  

1.37 (0.62-3.05)

0.414

Other Hispanic

  

2.35 (1.17-4.70)

0.019

  

2.08 (1.18-3.67)

0.015

Non-Hispanic Black

  

2.03 (1.20-3.44)

0.011

  

1.87 (1.12-3.12)

0.019

Other Race (Including Multiracial)

  

1.86 (0.78-4.42)

0.149

  

3.46 (1.44-8.30)

0.008

Estimated number of Population

23,681,690

 

84,085,965

 

23,193,263

 

78,989,240

Â