From: Do early onset and pack-years of smoking increase risk of type II diabetes?
 | South Korean women | P-value of Chi-square | U.S. women | P-value of Chi-square | P-value of Chi-square | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | (n = 4,094, Est. population = 23,193,263) | (n = 1,558, Est. population = 78,989,240) | Korea Vs. U.S. | |||||
 | With diabetes | Without diabetes | With diabetes | Without diabetes | With diabetes | Without diabetes | ||
Variables | (n = 223, 5.4%) | (n = 3,871, 94.6%) |  | (n = 193, 12.4%) | (n = 1,365, 87.6%) |  | ||
Smoking Onset Age (%)** | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Never Smoked | 206 (92.4) | 3,558 (91.9) | 0.002 | 99 (51.3) | 1,038 (76.0) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
≥26 years | 14 (6.3) | 101 (2.6) | 10 (5.2) | 24 (1.8) | ||||
21–25 years | 1 (0.5) | 66 (1.7) | 14 (7.3) | 48 (3.5) | ||||
16–20 years | 1 (0.5) | 127 (3.3) | 47 (24.4) | 189 (13.9) | ||||
<16Â years | 1 (0.5) | 19 (0.5) | 23 (11.9) | 66 (4.8) | ||||
Smoking Pack-years [10 PY]* | 0.06 ± 0.45 | 0.04 ± 0.3 | 0.296 | 1.2 ± 2.7 | 0.4 ± 1.2 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Age (Years)* | 63.5 ± 12.3 | 38.9 ± 22.2 | <.0001 | 61.8 ± 12.1 | 48.6 ± 17.8 | <.0001 | 0.46 | <.0001 |
BMI (kg/m 2 )* | 25.0 ± 3.7 | 22.0 ± 4.1 | <.0001 | 33.8 ± 7.7 | 29.0 ± 7.2 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Family Income Percentile (%)** | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<25 % | 88 (39.5) | 679 (17.5) | <.0001 | 79 (40.9) | 337 (24.7) | <.0001 | 0.576 | <.0001 |
25 % –50 % | 62 (27.8) | 989 (25.6) | 56 (29.0) | 341 (25.0) | ||||
51 % –75 % | 41 (18.4) | 1,134 (29.3) | 28 (14.5) | 267 (19.6) | ||||
>75 % | 32 (14.4) | 1,069 (27.6) | 30 (15.5) | 420 (30.8) | ||||
Education (%)** | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Less than Elementary School | 155 (69.5) | 1,687 (43.6) | <.0001 | 27 (14.0) | 86 (6.3) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Less than Middle School | 21 (9.4) | 385 (10.0) | 47 (24.4) | 155 (11.4) | ||||
High School Diploma | 38 (17.0) | 947 (24.5) | 38 (19.7) | 275 (20.2) | ||||
At least some College | 9 (4.0) | 852 (22.0) | 81 (42.0) | 849 (62.2) | ||||
Marital Status (%)** | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married | 138 (61.9) | 2,142 (55.3) | <.0001 | 90 (46.6) | 709 (51.9) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Other | 85 (38.1) | 1,729 (44.7) | 103 (53.4) | 656 (48.1) | ||||
Alcohol Consumption (%)** | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not At All | 128 (57.4) | 1,929(49.8) | 0.081 | 92 (47.7) | 272 (19.9) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Less than Once a Month | 59 (26.5) | 1,159(29.9) | 96 (49.7) | 1,062 (77.8) | ||||
More than Twice a Month | 36 (16.1) | 783(20.2) | 5 (2.6) | 31 (2.3) | ||||
Moderate Intensity Activity (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 67 (30.0) | 1,170 (30.2) | 0.955 | 47 (24.4) | 421 (30.8) | <.0001 | 0.011 | <.0001 |
No | 156 (70.0) | 2,701 (69.8) | 146 (75.7) | 944 (69.2) | ||||
Daily Energy Intake (Kcal)* | 1,603.1 ± 636 | 1,702.9 ± 658 | 0.027 | 1,616.0 ± 634 | 1,795.0 ± 693 | <.0001 | 0.56 | <.0001 |
Race (%)** | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Non-Hispanic Whites | Â | Â | Â | 76 (39.4) | 739 (54.1) | 0.001 | - | - |
Mexican Americans | Â | Â | Â | 36 (18.7) | 218 (16.0) | |||
Other Hispanics | Â | Â | Â | 20 (10.4) | 147 (10.8) | |||
Non-Hispanic Blacks | Â | Â | Â | 52 (26.9) | 205 (15.0) | |||
Other Races (Including Multiracial) | Â | Â | Â | 9 (4.7) | 56 (4.1) | Â | Â | Â |