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Table 2 Characteristics of Women participants stratified by diabetes (diagnosed after age 20) using the South Korea NHANES 2010 and the United States NHANES 2009–2010

From: Do early onset and pack-years of smoking increase risk of type II diabetes?

 

South Korean women

P-value of Chi-square

U.S. women

P-value of Chi-square

P-value of Chi-square

 

(n = 4,094, Est. population = 23,193,263)

(n = 1,558, Est. population = 78,989,240)

Korea Vs. U.S.

 

With diabetes

Without diabetes

With diabetes

Without diabetes

With diabetes

Without diabetes

Variables

(n = 223, 5.4%)

(n = 3,871, 94.6%)

 

(n = 193, 12.4%)

(n = 1,365, 87.6%)

 

Smoking Onset Age (%)**

        

Never Smoked

206 (92.4)

3,558 (91.9)

0.002

99 (51.3)

1,038 (76.0)

<.0001

<.0001

<.0001

≥26 years

14 (6.3)

101 (2.6)

10 (5.2)

24 (1.8)

21–25 years

1 (0.5)

66 (1.7)

14 (7.3)

48 (3.5)

16–20 years

1 (0.5)

127 (3.3)

47 (24.4)

189 (13.9)

<16 years

1 (0.5)

19 (0.5)

23 (11.9)

66 (4.8)

Smoking Pack-years [10 PY]*

0.06 ± 0.45

0.04 ± 0.3

0.296

1.2 ± 2.7

0.4 ± 1.2

<.0001

<.0001

<.0001

Age (Years)*

63.5 ± 12.3

38.9 ± 22.2

<.0001

61.8 ± 12.1

48.6 ± 17.8

<.0001

0.46

<.0001

BMI (kg/m 2 )*

25.0 ± 3.7

22.0 ± 4.1

<.0001

33.8 ± 7.7

29.0 ± 7.2

<.0001

<.0001

<.0001

Family Income Percentile (%)**

        

<25 %

88 (39.5)

679 (17.5)

<.0001

79 (40.9)

337 (24.7)

<.0001

0.576

<.0001

25 % –50 %

62 (27.8)

989 (25.6)

56 (29.0)

341 (25.0)

51 % –75 %

41 (18.4)

1,134 (29.3)

28 (14.5)

267 (19.6)

>75 %

32 (14.4)

1,069 (27.6)

30 (15.5)

420 (30.8)

Education (%)**

        

Less than Elementary School

155 (69.5)

1,687 (43.6)

<.0001

27 (14.0)

86 (6.3)

<.0001

<.0001

<.0001

Less than Middle School

21 (9.4)

385 (10.0)

47 (24.4)

155 (11.4)

High School Diploma

38 (17.0)

947 (24.5)

38 (19.7)

275 (20.2)

At least some College

9 (4.0)

852 (22.0)

81 (42.0)

849 (62.2)

Marital Status (%)**

        

Married

138 (61.9)

2,142 (55.3)

<.0001

90 (46.6)

709 (51.9)

<.0001

<.0001

<.0001

Other

85 (38.1)

1,729 (44.7)

103 (53.4)

656 (48.1)

Alcohol Consumption (%)**

        

Not At All

128 (57.4)

1,929(49.8)

0.081

92 (47.7)

272 (19.9)

<.0001

<.0001

<.0001

Less than Once a Month

59 (26.5)

1,159(29.9)

96 (49.7)

1,062 (77.8)

More than Twice a Month

36 (16.1)

783(20.2)

5 (2.6)

31 (2.3)

Moderate Intensity Activity (%)

        

Yes

67 (30.0)

1,170 (30.2)

0.955

47 (24.4)

421 (30.8)

<.0001

0.011

<.0001

No

156 (70.0)

2,701 (69.8)

146 (75.7)

944 (69.2)

Daily Energy Intake (Kcal)*

1,603.1 ± 636

1,702.9 ± 658

0.027

1,616.0 ± 634

1,795.0 ± 693

<.0001

0.56

<.0001

Race (%)**

        

Non-Hispanic Whites

   

76 (39.4)

739 (54.1)

0.001

-

-

Mexican Americans

   

36 (18.7)

218 (16.0)

Other Hispanics

   

20 (10.4)

147 (10.8)

Non-Hispanic Blacks

   

52 (26.9)

205 (15.0)

Other Races (Including Multiracial)

   

9 (4.7)

56 (4.1)

   
  1. **Mean ± SD.
  2. **Frequency (%).