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Table 2 Percentages of mothers using emotional and instrumental feeding practices in the total group and demographic subgroups (N = 359)

From: Emotional and instrumental feeding practices of Dutch mothers regarding foods eaten between main meals

 

Instrumental feeding

Emotional feeding

Groups

Punishment (%, CI)

Reward (%, CI)

Comfort (%, CI)

Total group

18.9 (15–23)

29.5 (25–34)

18.1 (14–22)

Age of mother

   

(1). ≤ 30 (n = 28)

28.6 (11–46)

39.3 (20–59)

32.1 (14–51)

(2). 30–35 (n = 79)

26.6 (17–37)

44.3 (33–56)

26.6 (17–37)

(3). 35–40 (n = 119)

15.1 (9–22)

23.5 (16–31)

17.6 (11–25)

(4). 40–45 (n = 99)

14.1 (7–21)

21.2 (13–29)

8.1 (3–14)

(5). ≥ 45 (n = 34)

18.2 (6–35)

30.3 (16–49)

18.2 (4–31)

Sign. contrasts

 

3,4 < 2

4 < 1,2,3

Education of mother 1

   

(1). Low (n = 77)

19.5 (10–29)

26.0 (16–36)

19.5 (10–29)

(2). Moderate (n = 168)

16.8 (11–23)

24.0 (18–31)

16.2 (10–22)

(3). High (n = 114)

21.1 (13–29)

39.5 (30–49)

20.2 (13–28)

Sign. contrasts

 

2 < 3

 

SEP 2

   

(1). Low (n = 120)

21.7 (14–29)

33.3 (25–42)

22.5 (15–30)

(2). Intermediate (n = 114)

20.2 (13–28)

21.9 (14–30)

12.3 (6–18)

(3). High (n = 125)

15.2 (9–22)

32.8 (24–41)

19.2 (12–26)

Sign. contrasts

 

2 < 1,3

2 < 1,3

BMI of mother (kg/m 2 ) 3

   

(1). Underweight (n = 11)

36.4 (2–70)

27.3 (4–59)

0.0

(2). Normal weight (n = 175)

17.1 (12–23)

32.6 (26–40)

17.7 (12–23)

(3). Overweight (n = 101)

20.0 (13–29)

25.0 (17–34)

22.0 (14–30)

(4). Obese (n = 71)

18.3 (9–28)

26.8 (16–37)

16.9 (8–26)

Sign. contrasts

   

Age of child

   

(1). ≤4–5 (n = 142)

24.6 (17–32)

39.4 (31–48)

20.4 (14–27))

(2). 6–9 (n = 133)

20.3 (13–27)

27.1 (19–35)

19.5 (13–26

(3). 10–12 (n = 84)

7.1 (2–13)

16.7 (9–25)

11.9 (5–19)

Sign. contrasts

3 < 1,2

3 < 1

 

Gender of child

   

(1). Boys (n = 198)

18.7 (13–24)

33.3 (27–40)

20.7 (15–26)

(2). Girls (n = 161)

19.3 (13–25)

24.8 (18–32)

14.9 (9–20)

Sign. Contrasts

 

2 < 1

 
  1. Note: this table only shows the independent variables for which significant contrasts were found; significant contrasts were retrieved by comparisons made among the numbered subgroups by repeating the logistic regression analysis using a different reference group for each independent variable each time.
  2. 1Educational level (low [primary or basic vocational education], intermediate [secondary vocational school or high school] and high [higher professional education or university]) [36].
  3. 2Socioeconomic position (SEP) is based on a factor score (range -4 [high] to 4 [low]) calculated from four indicators of SEP for all Dutch postal code areas, i.e. mean income, percentage of low income households, percentage of residents without a paid job and percentage of households with intermediate or low education [35].
  4. 3According to standard BMI classification by the World health Organization [33].