Table 1 Univariate analysis of factors associated with depression
Variable | Total | BDI-II depression score | Unadjusted OR | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 294 | |||||
(95% CI) | |||||
≥ 16 | < 16 | ||||
N = 120 | N = 174 | ||||
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  ≤ 65 | 216 (73.5%) | 85 (39.4%) | 131 (60.6%) | 0.8 (0.5 – 1.3) | 0.40 |
  > 65 | 78 (26.5%) | 35 (44.9%) | 43 (55.1%) | Reference | |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Male | 130 (44.2%) | 43 (33.1%) | 87 (66.9%) | Reference | 0.02 |
  Female | 164 (55.8%) | 77 (47.0%) | 87 (53.0%) | 1.8 (1.1 – 2.9) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Illiterate | 87 (29.6%) | 47 (39.2%) | 40 (23.0%) | Reference |  |
  Elementary | 126 (42.9%) | 53 (44.2%) | 73 (42.0%) | 0.6 (0.4 – 1.1) | 0.08 |
  High school | 41 (13.9%) | 13 (10.80%) | 28 (16.1%) | 0.4 (0.2 – 0.9) | 0.02 |
  College | 40 (13.6%) | 7 (5.8%) | 33 (19.0%) | 0.2 (0.1 – 0.5) | < 0.01 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Married | 243 (82.7%) | 101 (41.6%) | 142 (58.4%) | 1.2 (0.6 – 2.2) | 0.58 |
  Others | 51 (17.3%) | 19 (37.3%) | 32 (62.7%) | Reference | |
Currently smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Yes | 71 (24.1%) | 32 (45.1%) | 39 (54.9%) | 1.3 (0.7 – 2.2) | 0.40 |
  No | 166 (56.5%) | 79 (47.6%) | 84 (52.4%) | Reference | |
Working | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Yes | 62 (21.1%) | 12 (19.4%) | 50 (80.6%) | Reference | < 0.01 |
  No | 232 (78.9%) | 108 (46.6%) | 124 (53.4%) | 3.6 (1.8 – 7.7) | |
Duration of illness | 10 (5 – 16) | 12 (6 – 16.75) | 10 (5 – 15) | 1.0 (0.9 – 1.05) | 0.32 |
Number of additional illness | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  ≤ 1 | 114 (38.8%) | 36 (31.6%) | 78 (68.4%) | Reference | 0.01 |
  ≥ 2 | 180 (61.2%) | 84 (46.9%) | 96 (53.3%) | 1.9 (1.2 – 3.1) | |
Number of anti-diabetic medication | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  ≤ 1 | 112 (38.1%) | 44 (39.3%) | 68 (60.7%) | Reference | 0.68 |
  ≥ 2 | 182 (61.9%) | 76 (41.8%) | 106 (58.2%) | 1.1 (0.7 – 1.8) | |
Insulin use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Yes | 147 (50%) | 64 (43.5%) | 83 (56.5%) | 1.25 (0.8 – 2.0) | 0.34 |
  No | 147 (50%) | 56 (38.1%) | 91 (61.9%) | Reference | |
HbA1C | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  < 7 | 52 (17.7%) | 23 (44.2%) | 29 (55.8%) | Reference | 0.58 |
  ≥ 7 | 242 (82.3%) | 97 (40.1%) | 145 (59.9%) | 0.8 (0.5 – 1.5) | |
Medication adherence score | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  < 6 | 167 (56.8%) | 86 (51.5%) | 81 (48.5%) | Reference | < 0.01 |
  ≥ 6 | 127 (43.2%) | 34 (26.8%) | 91 (73.2%) | 0.3 (0.2 – 0.6) |  |
BMI | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 < 25 | 30 (10.2%) | 7 (23.3%) | 23 (76.7%) | Reference |  |
 25 – 29 | 98 (33.3%) | 34 (34.7%) | 64 (65.3%) | 1.8 (0.7 – 4.5) | 0.25 |
 ≥ 30 | 166 (56.5%) | 79 (47.6%) | 84 (52.4%) | 3.0 (1.2 – 7.3) | 0.02 |