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Table 2 A comparison of multiplication factors (MFs) for campylobacteriosis in several countries

From: Measuring underreporting and under-ascertainment in infectious disease datasets: a comparison of methods

Country

Underestimation MF

Primary study type

Study

Under-ascertainment MF

Primary study type

Study

Underreporting MF

Primary study type

Study

Austria

15

RTS

[74]

      

Austria

29

RTS

[76]

      

Belgium

25

RTS

[74]

      

Belgium

11

RTS

[76]

      

Bulgaria

39,000

RTS

[76]

      

Cyprus

310

RTS

[76]

      

Czech Republic

11

RTS

[76]

      

Denmark

4

RTS

[74]

      

Denmark

4.1

RTS

[76]

      

Denmark

29

PRC

[9]

      

Estonia

13

RTS

[76]

      

Finland

1.0 (ref)

RTS

[74]

GP C.jejuni , 5.2

CBS/OUT

[86]

   

Finland

0.4

RTS

[76]

      

France

3,958

RTS

[74]

      

France

280

RTS

[76]

      

Germany

6

RTS

[74]

      

Germany

4.4

RTS

[76]

      

Germany

9.3

PRC

[9]

      

Greece

47,191

RTS

[74]

      

Hungary

52

RTS

[76]

      

Ireland

46

RTS

[74]

      

Ireland

29

RTS

[76]

      

Italy

660

RTS

[76]

      

Italy

100

PRC

[9]

      

Lithuania

40

RTS

[76]

      

Luxembourg

19

RTS

[74]

      

Luxembourg

3.9

RTS

[76]

      

Malta

90

RTS

[76]

      

Poland

4,100

RTS

[76]

      

Poland

72

PRC

[9]

      

Romania

6,900

RTS

[76]

      

Slovakia

35

RTS

[76]

      

Slovenia

14

RTS

[76]

      

Spain

270

RTS

[76]

      

Sweden

0.4

RTS

[76]

      

Sweden

17

PRC

[9]

      

The Netherlands

31

RTS

[74]

      

The Netherlands

22 (ref)

RTS

[76]

      

The Netherlands

22.9 (5-95% quartiles: 8.2 - 50)

BRI/BoD

[57]

4.1 (5-95% quartiles: 9.3 – 56.7)

BRI/BoD

[57]

5.6

BRI/BoD

[57]

The Netherlands

10.9 - 21.4

Sero

[58]

5.0 - 5.4

Sero

[58]

2.0 - 4.3

Sero

[58]

The Netherlands

9.7 (5-95% quartiles: 4.1 - 23.0)

CBS / BoD

[56]

4.2 (5-95% quartiles: 0.0 - 7.4)

CBS/BoD

[56]

   

The Netherlands

18.9

LAB

[62]

      

The Netherlands

49

PRC

[9]

      

The Netherlands

UElab, 13.94 (PERT 4.96 – 28.67)

MOD

[61]

      

United Kingdom

11

RTS

[74]

      

United Kingdom

4.4

RTS

[76]

      

United Kingdom

9.3 (95% CI: 6–14.4)

CBS

[47]

7.2 (95% CI: 3.3 - 15.9)

CBS

[47]

1.3 (95% CI: 0.9 - 1.8)

CBS

[47]

United Kingdom

52

PRC

[9]

      

United Kingdom

UElab 10.3

CBS /BoD

[55]

      

United Kingdom

7.6 (95% CI: 3.6 - 17.4)

CBS

[2]

2.1 (95% CI: 5–3.0)

CBS

[2]

   

EU-27

47 (range 0.4 - 39,000)

RTS

[76]

      

Norway

4

RTS

[74]

      

Norway

2.4

RTS

[76]

      

Switzerland

3.3

RTS

[76]

      

USA

38 (taken from [49])

BoD

[83]

NT, BD: 2.9 (PERT 2.0-5.3)

BoD

[84]

NT UN, 1

BoD

[84]

NBD: 5.6 (PERT 5–6.7)

USA

         

Canada

23 - 49

PM

[85]

      

Australia

‡BD: 1-2d 12.40 (95% CrI: 9.16– 17.82)

PM

[33]

‡BD: 1–2 days: 10 (95% CrI: 7.1-14.3)

PM

[33]

   

3-4 days: 2.3 (95% CrI: 1.9-3.2)

3-4d 3.06 (95% CrI: 2.32–4.33)

≥5 days: 1.5 (95% CrI: 1.1-2.2)

≥5d 1.97 (95% CrI: 1.42–2.95)

NBD: 1–2 days: 10 (95% CrI: 7.1-14.3) 3–4 days: 2.3 (95% CrI: 1.9-3.2)

NBD: 1-2d 154.2 (95% CrI: 89.3–397.6)

≥5 days: 1.5 (95% CrI: 1.1-2.2)

3-4d 14.15 (95% CrI: 6.80–73.32)

≥5d 4.25 (95% CrI: 2.25–13.36)

 

Overall: 10 (95% CrI: 6.6–22)

        
  1. 1. This table lists all extracted or derived MFs (with variance shown as 95% CI, 95% CrI, PERT distribution (max, min, mode), or 5-95% quartiles where available) from relevant studies found during the extensive literature review. MFs give an estimation of the extent of UE (combined UA and UR), UA and UR for campylobacteriosis in a particular country; the higher the MF, the higher the proportion of cases not captured by the surveillance system. These MFs could be applied to official figures as reported by public health agencies to adjust for UE and give a new estimate of total symptomatic infections occurring in a population at a given time. Exception is; “UElab” where the MF can adjust official laboratory figures of laboratory confirmed infections and give a new estimate of total infections (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) occurring in a population at a given time. MFs of UA and UR can be multiplied together to make one MF of UE.
  2. 2. For abbreviations and symbols, see footnote 2 for Table 1.
  3. 3. For MFs estimated in the same RTS, one country will be listed as the reference country (i.e. 'ref’) and all other countries compared to this.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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