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Table 2 Participant characteristics inside and outside of recommended levels of physical activity clusters in California (N = 7153)

From: Spatial clustering of physical activity and obesity in relation to built environment factors among older women in three U.S. states

Factors

Higher recommended levels of PA clusters

Lower recommended levels of PA clusters

Outside clusters

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

(n = 4570)

 

(n = 232)

(n = 1837)

(n = 129)

(n = 385)

 

Socio-demographics

     

Individual level

     

Age, %a

     

57.5 – 64.9 years

15.95

21.94**

17.05

17.92

19.67

64.9 – 69.4 years

23.71

21.45

20.16

22.6

18.84

69.4 – 73.5 years

23.28

19.22

20.16

18.96

19.89

73.5 – 78.1 years

19.4

18.56

20.16

22.6

20.18

78.1 – 85.4 years

17.67

18.84

22.48

17.92

21.42

Nurse’s education, %

     

RN degree

61.64

52.42

55.81

58.44

53.26

Bachelors

22.41

29.01

26.36

27.01

26.87

Graduate degree

8.19

11.7

6.98

8.83

11.9

Missing

7.76

6.86

10.85

5.71

7.96

Husband’s education, %

     

High school graduate or less

28.88

22.81**

28.68

29.09

26.37

Bachelors

27.16

24.93

18.6

28.83

24.86

Graduate degree

25.43

29.23

23.26

23.12

25.73

Missing

18.53

23.03

29.46

18.96

23.04

Census tract level

     

Proportion of population without high school education, %a

     

0 – 20%

4.74***

33.86***

2.33***

13.25***

16.24

20.1 – 40%

28.02

26.84

5.43

14.03

17.79

40.1 – 60%

24.57

17.15

17.83

26.23

20.46

60.1 – 80%

31.47

14.53

26.36

28.83

20.72

80.1 – 100%

11.21

7.62

48.06

17.66

24.79

Median family income, %a

     

$18917 – 50034

18.10***

2.67***

54.26***

41.30***

24.25

$50034 – 61942

35.34

7.57

27.91

37.92

22.47

$61942 – 76251

29.31

16.82

10.85

7.01

22.21

$76251 – 94702

13.36

28.31

3.88

9.61

18.32

$94702 – 200001

3.88

44.64

3.1

4.16

12.76

Health-related factors

     

Walking limitations, %

     

Yes

25.43*

26.29***

37.21

32.73

33.13

No

74.57

73.71

62.79

67.27

66.87

Previous chronic diseases, %

     

Yes

31.47

28.91***

34.11

33.77

34.42

No

68.53

71.09

65.89

66.23

65.58

Walking MET min/wk, mean (SD)

533.40 (607.40)***

431.50 (586.10)***

216.60 (339.20)***

331.60 (505.00)

374.40 (540.10)

BMI, mean (SD)

25.64 (4.27)

25.59 (4.73)*

26.60 (4.99)

26.18 (5.21)

25.89 (4.75)

Built environment, mean (SD)

     

Population densityb

1218.90 (812.00)***

2252.40 (1768.20)***

1358.50 (942.30)***

743.50 (748.30)***

2003.20 (1335.80)

Intersection densityc

3.98 (1.11)*

4.41 (0.89)***

3.73 (1.21)***

3.22 (1.23)***

4.14 (1.04)

Diversity of facilitiesd

0.47 (0.34)**

0.59 (0.29)***

0.46 (0.34)**

0.28 (0.33)***

0.55 (0.31)

Facility density (total)e

1.31 (1.56)*

1.89 (2.25)***

0.90 (0.97)***

0.64 (1.21)***

1.59 (1.82)

Retail

0.42 (0.60)***

0.70 (0.98)***

0.29 (0.40)***

0.22 (0.49)***

0.59 (0.80)

Services

0.08 (0.15)

0.09 (0.15)***

0.04 (0.07)***

0.03 (0.10)***

0.07 (0.14)

Cultural/educational

0.31 (0.31)

0.36 (0.32)***

0.21 (0.21)***

0.14 (0.22)***

0.29 (0.27)

Physical activity

0.05 (0.09)

0.08 (0.10)***

0.04 (0.05)***

0.03 (0.06)***

0.06 (0.09)

Fast-food restaurants

2.48 (3.77)*

4.20 (7.68)***

1.43 (2.09)***

1.00 (2.58)***

3.14 (5.33)

Full-service restaurants

0.88 (1.49)

0.88 (1.47)***

0.87 (1.59)

0.41 (1.52)***

1.04 (1.66)

Convenience stores

0.21 (0.42)

0.21 (0.42)

0.28 (0.45)

0.16 (0.45)**

0.23 (0.43)

Grocery stores

0.37 (0.67)

0.41 (0.72)**

0.17 (0.37)***

0.13 (0.46)***

0.35 (0.65)

  1. Note: P-values are based on the t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. The values are compared between participants in a specific cluster and those outside the cluster. SD = standard deviation. PA = physical activity. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001.
  2. aA five-level categorical covariate expressed as quintiles.
  3. bPopulation density (number of persons per km2 of area within residential buffer) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.
  4. cIntersection density (number of intersections divided by total road length within residential buffer) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.
  5. dDiversity of facilities within residential buffer (ranging from 0 [no diversity] to 1 [max diversity]) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.
  6. eFacility density (number of facilities divided by kilometers of road within residential buffer) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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