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Table 1 Studies analyzing educational interventions in health professionals to improve antibiotic use

From: Educational interventions to improve prescription and dispensing of antibiotics: a systematic review

Author (year)

Country

Allocation unit (a)

Intervention population (b)

Type of patient

Sample size (%) (b), (c)

Statistical test

Dollman, WB (2005) [20]

South Australia

PC

GPs, Pa

All

___

Bivariate

Hrisos, S (2007) [21]

UK

PC

GPs

___

340 GPs

Multivariate Bivariate

Hennessy, TW (2002) [22]

USA (Alaska)

PC

Py, Pa, O

All

3144 Pa

Multivariate Bivariate

Rubin, MA (2005) [23]

USA

PC

Py, Pa

All

___

Multivariate

Naughton, C (2009) [24]

Ireland

PC

GPs

All

110 GPs

Multivariate

Chazan, B (2007) [25]

Israel (Northern)

PC

Py, Nu, Ph, Pa

All

200 participants

Bivariate

Briel, M (2005) [26]

Switzerland

PC

Py

Adults

45 Py

Multivariate Bivariate

624 Pa

Monette, J (2007) [27]

Canada

PC

Py

Geriatric patients

36 Py

Multivariate

Enriquez-Puga, A (2009) [28]

England

PC

Py, GPs

All

28 practices

Multivariate Bivariate

Bjerrum, L (2006) [29]

Spain

PC

GPs

Adults

17 GPs in IG

35 GPs in CG

___

Mcisaac, WJ (2002)[30]

Canada

PC

GPs

Children Adults

97 Py

Multivariate Bivariate

621 patients

Wheeler, JG (2001) [31]

USA

PC

Py, Pa

Pediatric patients

16 Py

Bivariate

771 parents

Juzych, NS (2005) [32]

USA

PC

Py, Ps, Nu, Ph, Pa

Adults Children

12 Py + 9 Ps in IG

Univariate

6 Py + 9 Ps in CG

Smeets, HM (2009) [33]

Netherlands

PC

GPs, Ph, Pa

___

131 practices in IG

Multivariate Bivariate

127 practices in CG

Mandryk, JA (2006) [34]

Australia

PC

GPs

___

___

Multivariate

Stille, CJ (2008) [35]

USA

PC

Py, Pa

Pediatric patients

168 Py

Multivariate Bivariate

Finkelstein, JA (2001) [36]

USA

PC

Py, Pa

<6 years

14468 Pa (pre-)

Multivariate Bivariate

13461 Pa (post-)

Altiner, A (2007) [37]

Germany

PC

GPs, Pa

≥16 years

104 GPs (pre-)

Multivariate

28 GPs + 787 Pa in CG

33 GPs + 920 Pa in IG

Légaré, F (2010) [38]

Canada

PC

Py

All

18 Py in IG + 15 Py in IG

Multivariate

245 Pa in IG + 214 Pa In CG

Kiang, KM (2005) [39]

USA

PC

Py, GPs, Ps, Nu, Pa, O

Adults and pediatric patients

1800 Py

Multivariate

Mohagheghi, MA (2005) [40]

Iran

PC

GP

Adults

40 GPs in CG

___

40 GPs in IG

Irurzun, C (2005) [41]

Argentina

PC

Py

≥15 years

19 Py

Bivariate

Chalker, J (2005) [42]

Vietnam and Thailand

Pharmacy

Ph

___

124 pharmacies

Multivariate

Finkelstein, JA (2008) [43]

USA

PC

Py, Pa

≤6 years

223 135 person/years

Multivariate

Chuc, NTK (2002) [44]

Vietnam

Pharmacy

Ph

___

58 pharmacies

Bivariate

Belongia, EA (2001) [45]

USA

PC

Ps, Pa

Children

109 Py in IG

Multivariate Univariate

52 in CG

Belongia, EA (2005) [46]

USA

PC

Py, Ps, Pa

___

12790 Py

Multivariate Univariate

Greene, RA (2004) [47]

USA

PC

Py, Ps

Adults

Children

900 Py and Pa

Bivariate

Teng, CL (2007) [48]

Malaysia

PC

GPs

___

29 GPs

Bivariate

Awad, AI (2006) [49]

Sudan

PC

GPs

___

1800 Pa

Bivariate

Welschen, I (2004) [50]

Netherlands

PC

GPs, Ph, Pa, O

___

89 GPs

Bivariate

Gonzales, R (2004) [51]

USA

PC

Py, Pa,

Elderly

51 office practice in CG

Multivariate

4 office practices in IG

Colomina Rodríguez, J (2010) [52]

Spain

PC

Py, Ph, Pa, O

All

___

Bivariate

Hickman, DE (2003) [53]

USA

PC

Py, Nu, Pa

Adults

___

Bivariate

Children

Coenen, S (2004) [54]

Belgium

PC

GPs

Adults

42 GPs in IG

Multivariate Bivariate

43 GPs in CG

Perz, JF (2002) [55]

USA

PC

Py, Ps, Pa

Pediatric patients

464200 person-years

Multivariate

Sondergaard, J (2003) [56]

Denmark

PC

Py

___

299 GPs

Bivariate

Doyne, EO (2004) [57]

USA

PC

Ps, Pa

Pediatric patients

6 practices - IG

Multivariate

6 practices - CG

Bauchner, H (2006) [58]

USA

PC

Ps

Children (3–36 months)

1368 Pa - IG

Multivariate Bivariate

1138 Pa - CG

Christakis, DA (2001) [59]

USA

PC

Ps, Nu, O

Children

16 providers - IG

Bivariate

12 providers - CG

Smabrekke, L (2002) [60]

Norway

PC

Ps, Nu, Pa

Children (1–5 years)

819 Pa

Bivariate

Bjerrum, L (2011) [61]

Several

PC

GP

Adults

47011

___

Regev-Yochay, G (2011) [62]

Israel

PC

GP

Children

3636

Multivariate

Llor, C (2011) [63]

Spain

PC

GP

___

235 (full)

Univariate Multivariate

97 (partial)

Weiss, K (2011) [64]

Canada

PC

GP

___

All GP

Multivariate

Llor, C (2011) [65]

Spain

PC

GP

Adults (14-60 years)

10 first patients

___

McKay, RM (2011) [66]

Canada

PC

Py, Ph, O

___

___

Bivariate

Deuster, S (2010) [3]

Switzerland

HC

Py

Adults

292 Pa

Bivariate

Chang, MT (2006) [67]

Taiwan

HC

GPs

___

5046 Pa (pre-)

Bivariate

5054 Pa (post-)

Naughton, BJ (2001) [68]

USA

HC

Py, Nu

Geriatric patients

350 episodes

Bivariate

Lutters, M (2004) [69]

Switzerland

HC

Py

Geriatric patients

3383 Pa

Bivariate

Loeb, M (2005) [70]

Canada and USA

HC

Py, Nu

Geriatric patients

4217 residents

Bivariate

Lesprit, P (2009) [71]

France

HC

Py

___

786 Pa

Bivariate

Akter, SFU (2009) [72]

Bangladesh

HC

Py

Pediatric patients

2171 Pa (pre-)

Bivariate

1295 Pa (post-)

Paul, M (2006) [73]

Israel

HC

Py

Adults

1203 Pa (pre-)

Bivariate

Germany

Italy

2326 Pa (post-) (1245 IG and 1801 CG)

Camins, BC (2009) [74]

USA

HC

Py (internists)

___

784 new prescriptions

Multivariate Bivariate

Westphal, JF (2010) [75]

France

HC

Py

___

471 cases of pneumonia 104 (pre-); 367 (post-)

Bivariate

Mullet, CJ (2001) [76]

USA

HC

Ps, Nu

Pediatric > 6 months

809 Pa (pre-)

Bivariate

949 Pa (post-)

von Gunten, V (2005) [77]

Switzerland

HC

Py

___

1200 Pa

Multivariate Bivariate

Ansari, F (2003) [78]

UK

HC

Py

___

40 medical and surgical wards

Multivariate

Kisuule, F (2008) [79]

USA

HC

Py, Nu

___

17 hosp. practitioners

Bivariate

Halm, EA (2004) [80]

USA

HC

Py, Nu, Pa, O

Adults

2094 cases

Bivariate

1013 (pre-)

1081 (post-)

López-Medrano, F (2005) [81]

Spain

HC

Py

___

1280 treatments

Bivariate

Agwu, AL (2008) [82]

USA

HC

Py, Ps

Children

___

Bivariate

Barenfanger, J (2001) [83]

USA

HC Pharmacy

Ph

___

378 Pa (188 IG and 190 CG)

Bivariate

RÏ‹ttiman, S (2004) [84]

Switzerland

HC

Py

Adults

500 Pa

Bivariate

Martin, C (2005) [85]

USA

HC

Py

___

___

____

Solomon, DH (2001) [86]

USA

HC

Py

___

4500 Pa

Bivariate

Fowler, S (2007) [87]

UK

HC

Py

Elderly ≥ 80 years

6129 admissions

Multivariate

Sintchenko, V (2005) [88]

Australia

HC

Py

___

12 internists

Bivariate

Yong, MK (2010) [89]

Australia

HC

Py

___

___

Bivariate

Meyer, E (2010) [90]

Germany

HC

Py

Adults

4684 Pa (pre-)

Multivariate

7203 Pa (post-)

Thursky, KA (2006) [91]

Australia

HC

Py

Adults

489 Pa (pre-)

Multivariate

497 Pa (post-)

Petterson, E (2011) [92]

Sweeden

HC

Nu, Py

Elderly

60 residents

___

Tangden, T (2011) [93]

Sweeden

HC

Py

elderly

___

Multivariate

Bivariate

Talpaert, MJ (2011) [94]

UK

HC

Py

Adults

___

Multivariate

Bevilacqua, S (2011) [95]

France

HC

Py

Adults

___

Bivariate

Shen, J (2011) [96]

China

HC

Py

Adults

354 patients

Multivariate

      

Bivariate

  1. (a) PC – primary care; HC – hospital care.
  2. (b) GPs – general practitioners; Ps – pediatrics; Py – physicians; Pa – patients or their caregivers; Ph – pharmacists; Nu – nurses; O – others.
  3. (c) CG – control group; IG – intervention group.