From: Nondaily smoking: a population-based, longitudinal study of stability and predictors
Nondaily smokers (n = 125) | Nonsmokers (n = 553) | Daily smokers NND (n = 156) | Daily smokers ND (n = 108) | p-value for test of differences between groups† | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family factors at T1 | |||||
Gender, % women | 52.0 | 55.5 | 68.6 | 49.1 | 0.005 |
Parental educational level, M (SD) | 2.6 (0.9) | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.2 (0.7)** | 0.007 |
Parental alcohol intoxication, M (SD) | 2.1 (2.1) | 2.0 (2.1) | 2.6 (2.2) | 3.2 (2.3)*** | <0.001 |
Parental control, M (SD) | 23.4 (5.3) | 24.2 (4.8) | 21.8 (6.1) | 21.2 (5.8)* | <0.001 |
One or both parents nondaily or daily smokers, % | 62.4 | 60.8 | 75.6 | 76.6 | <0.001 |
Peers smoking status at T2 | |||||
One or two best friends smokers, % | 57.6 | 42.3 | 87.2 | 96.3 | <0.001 |
Individual characteristics | |||||
Educational level at T2, M (SD) | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.6)** | 3.6 (0.6)*** | <0.001 |
High school dropout at T2, % | 18.6 | 16.0 | 32.2 | 40.4 | <0.001 |
School grades at T1, M (SD) | 3.5 (0.5) | 3.5 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.5)** | 3.1 (0.6)*** | <0.001 |
Unorganized leisure time T1, M (SD) | 5.0 (4.0) | 4.1 (3.7) | 7.4 (5.4)*** | 8.6 (5.8)*** | <0.001 |
T1 smoking status, % | |||||
Nonsmokers | 69.6 | 91.5 | 50.6 | 48.1 | <0.001 |
Nondaily smokers | 24.8 | 5.4 | 23.7 | 14.8 | |
Daily smokers | 5.6 | 3.1 | 25.6 | 37.0 |