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Table 2 Characteristics of 942 nondaily smokers, nonsmokers and daily smokers at age 21 years (T2)

From: Nondaily smoking: a population-based, longitudinal study of stability and predictors

 

Nondaily smokers (n = 125)

Nonsmokers (n = 553)

Daily smokers NND (n = 156)

Daily smokers ND (n = 108)

p-value for test of differences between groups†

Family factors at T1

     

Gender, % women

52.0

55.5

68.6

49.1

0.005

Parental educational level, M (SD)

2.6 (0.9)

2.5 (0.8)

2.4 (0.8)

2.2 (0.7)**

0.007

Parental alcohol intoxication, M (SD)

2.1 (2.1)

2.0 (2.1)

2.6 (2.2)

3.2 (2.3)***

<0.001

Parental control, M (SD)

23.4 (5.3)

24.2 (4.8)

21.8 (6.1)

21.2 (5.8)*

<0.001

One or both parents nondaily or daily smokers, %

62.4

60.8

75.6

76.6

<0.001

Peers smoking status at T2

     

One or two best friends smokers, %

57.6

42.3

87.2

96.3

<0.001

Individual characteristics

     

Educational level at T2, M (SD)

3.9 (0.5)

3.9 (0.5)

3.6 (0.6)**

3.6 (0.6)***

<0.001

High school dropout at T2, %

18.6

16.0

32.2

40.4

<0.001

School grades at T1, M (SD)

3.5 (0.5)

3.5 (0.5)

3.2 (0.5)**

3.1 (0.6)***

<0.001

Unorganized leisure time T1, M (SD)

5.0 (4.0)

4.1 (3.7)

7.4 (5.4)***

8.6 (5.8)***

<0.001

T1 smoking status, %

     

  Nonsmokers

69.6

91.5

50.6

48.1

<0.001

  Nondaily smokers

24.8

5.4

23.7

14.8

 

  Daily smokers

5.6

3.1

25.6

37.0

 
  1. †Results show ANOVA for continuous variables, and chi-square analyses for categorical variables. Asterisks denote significant difference from nondaily smokers: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. NND not nicotine dependent, ND nicotine dependent.