Variable categories and variables | No onset of cannabis use | Onset of cannabis use | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 2,562 | n = 212 | |||
Demographics | ||||
Age in yearsa, M (SD) | 19.4 (1.2) | 19.3 (1.4) | 0.92 (0.82-1.05) | .21 |
Lower educational level (Ref.)b | 1,892 (75.2%) | 149 (72.7%) | ||
Higher educational level | 623 (24.8%) | 56 (27.3%) | 1.14 (0.83-1.57) | .42 |
Living alone (Ref.)c | 64 (2.5%) | 6 (2.9%) | ||
Living with parent or parents | 2,345 (92.2%) | 191 (91.4%) | 0.87 (0.37-2.03) | .75 |
Living with partner | 62 (2.4%) | 5 (2.4%) | 0.86 (0.25-2.96) | .81 |
Living with friends or in institution | 72 (2.8%) | 7 (3.3%) | 1.03 (0.33-3.25) | .95 |
Means of subsistence: own person (Ref.)d | 618 (24.3%) | 30 (14.4%) | ||
Own person and others persons or institutions | 1,030 (40.6%) | 83 (39.7%) | 1.66 (1.08-2.55) | .02 |
Other persons or institutions | 891 (35.1%) | 96 (45.9%) | 2.22 (1.46-3.39) | <.01 |
Not living in a partnership (Ref.)e | 2,437 (96.0%) | 198 (94.7%) | ||
Living in a partnership | 102 (4.0%) | 11 (5.3%) | 1.33 (0.70-2.51) | .39 |
Having no siblings (Ref.)f | 164 (6.6%) | 5 (2.5%) | ||
One or two siblings | 1,873 (75.6%) | 163 (81.5%) | 2.85 (1.16-7.05) | .02 |
Three or more siblings | 440 (17.8%) | 32 (16.0%) | 2.38 (0.91-6.23) | .08 |
Religion and religiosity | ||||
Christian religion (Ref.)g | 1,929 (76.5%) | 161 (78.2%) | ||
Muslim religion | 123 (4.9%) | 6 (2.9%) | 0.58 (0.25-1.35) | .21 |
Other religion | 54 (2.1%) | 7 (3.4%) | 1.55 (0.70-3.47) | .28 |
No religion | 415 (16.5%) | 32 (15.5%) | 0.92 (0.62-1.37) | .69 |
Atheist (Ref.)h | 611 (24.2%) | 61 (29.6%) | ||
Agnostic | 387 (15.3%) | 29 (14.1%) | 0.75 (0.47-1.19) | .22 |
Unsure what to think about god | 304 (12.0%) | 31 (15.0%) | 1.02 (0.65-1.61) | .93 |
Belief in god but not practicing | 808 (32.0%) | 67 (32.5%) | 0.83 (0.58-1.19) | .32 |
Belief in god and practicing | 413 (16.4%) | 18 (8.7%) | 0.44 (0.25-0.75) | <.01 |
Health | ||||
Physical health (SF-12, scale 0-100)i, M (SD) | 55.0 (5.1) | 55.1 (5.3) | 1.00 (0.98-1.03) | .77 |
Mental health (SF-12, scale 0-100)j, M (SD) | 50.5 (8.3) | 49.3 (7.7) | 0.98 (0.97-1.00) | .04 |
Depression (MDI, scale 0-50)k, M (SD) | 6.1 (6.8) | 7.7 (7.5) | 1.03 (1.01-1.05) | <.01 |
Low physical activity (IPAQ) (Ref.)l | 249 (10.6%) | 16 (7.9%) | ||
Moderate physical activity | 583 (24.9%) | 56 (27.7%) | 1.50 (0.84-2.66) | .17 |
High physical activity | 1,510 (64.5%) | 130 (64.4%) | 1.34 (0.78-2.29) | .29 |
No attention deficit syndrome (ASRS) (Ref.)m | 2,494 (97.5%) | 201 (95.3%) | ||
Attention deficit syndrome | 65 (2.5%) | 10 (4.7%) | 1.91 (0.97-3.77) | .06 |
No anti-social personality disorder (Ref.)n | 2,317 (91.4%) | 174 (84.1%) | ||
Anti-social personality disorder | 217 (8.6%) | 33 (15.9%) | 2.03 (1.36-3.01) | <.01 |
Social context | ||||
Grew up with both parents (Ref.)o | 2,105 (83.1%) | 155 (74.2%) | ||
…with parent and step-parent | 101 (4.0%) | 20 (9.6%) | 2.69 (1.62-4.46) | <.01 |
…with one parent | 297 (11.7%) | 33 (15.8%) | 1.51 (1.02-2.24) | .04 |
…with adoptive or foster parents or in institution | 30 (1.2%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.45 (0.06-3.34) | .44 |
No parental divorce before the age of 18 (Ref.)p | 2,053 (81.2%) | 142 (68.9%) | ||
Parental divorce before the age of 18 | 476 (18.8%) | 64 (31.1%) | 1.94 (1.42-2.65) | <.01 |
Lower educational level of the father (Ref.)q | 1,419 (56.3%) | 99 (46.7%) | ||
Higher educational level of the father | 1,103 (43.1%) | 108 (50.9%) | 1.40 (1.06-1.86) | .02 |
Lower educational level of the mother (Ref.)r | 1,559 (62.0%) | 110 (52.9%) | ||
Higher educational level of the mother | 956 (38.0%) | 98 (47.1%) | 1.45 (1.09-1.93) | .01 |
Financial situation of the family (Scale 1-7)s, M (SD) | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.5 (1.0) | 0.92 (0.79-1.06) | .22 |
Good relationship with parents before the age of 18 (Ref.)t | 2,115 (82.8%) | 166 (78.3%) | ||
Bad relationship with parents before the age of 18 | 438 (17.2%) | 46 (21.7%) | 1.34 (0.95-1.88) | .10 |
Lower parental rule setting at the age of 15 (Ref.)u | 972 (38.1%) | 94 (44.3%) | ||
Higher parental rule setting at the age of 15 | 1,579 (61.9%) | 118 (55.7%) | 0.77 (0.58-1.03) | .08 |
Lower parental knowledge of peers and the | ||||
whereabouts at the age of 15 (Ref.)v | 491 (19.2%) | 55 (25.9%) | ||
Higher parental knowledge of peers and the | ||||
whereabouts at the age of 15 | 2,060 (80.4%) | 157 (74.1%) | 0.68 (0.49-0.94) | .02 |
No psychiatric problem of father at age of 15 (Ref.)w | 2,401 (94.2%) | 198 (93.8%) | ||
Psychiatric problem of father at age of 15 | 147 (5.8%) | 13 (6.2%) | 1.07 (0.60-1.93) | .81 |
No psychiatric problem of mother at age of 15 (Ref.)x | 2,471 (97.1%) | 197 (93.8%) | ||
Psychiatric problem of mother at age of 15 | 75 (2.9%) | 13 (6.2%) | 2.17 (1.19-3.99) | .01 |
No psychiatric problem of peer/s at age of 15 (Ref.)y | 1,672 (66.1%) | 124 (59.6%) | ||
Psychiatric problem in the peer/s at the age of 15 | 857 (33.9%) | 84 (40.4%) | 1.32 (0.99-1.76) | .06 |
Peer pressure (PPI total score, range -3 - +3)z, | ||||
M (SD) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.5) | 2.13 (1.47-3.08) | <.01 |
Substance use | ||||
Never used alcohol (Ref.)aa | 368 (15.4%) | 21 (10.0%) | ||
Have used alcohol | 2,021 (84.6%) | 189 (90.0%) | 1.64 (1.03-2.61) | .04 |
No alcohol use in the previous 12 months (Ref.)ab | 150 (6.3%) | 7 (3.4%) | ||
Alcohol use - not at risk (AUDIT-C) | 847 (35.7%) | 58 (28.0%) | 1.47 (0.66-3.28) | .35 |
Alcohol use - at risk (AUDIT-C) | 1,376 (58.0%) | 142 (68.6%) | 2.21 (1.02-4.81) | .04 |
Never used any tobacco product (Ref.) | 1,692 (66.0%) | 102 (48.1%) | ||
Have used a tobacco product | 870 (34.0%) | 110 (51.9%) | 2.10 (1.58-2.78) | <.01 |
No cigarette use in the previous 12 months (Ref.)ac | 2,037 (81.6%) | 132 (65.0%) | ||
Very low nicotine dependence (FTND) | 351 (14.1%) | 63 (31.0%) | 2.77 (2.01-3.82) | <.01 |
Low, moderate or high nicotine dependence (FTND) | 109 (4.4%) | 8 (3.9%) | 1.13 (0.54-2.37) | .74 |
Never used drugs other than cannabis (Ref.)ad | 2,429 (95.7%) | 194 (92.8%) | ||
Used drugs other than cannabis | 108 (4.3%) | 15 (7.2%) | 1.74 (0.99-3.04) | .05 |
Personality | ||||
Sensation seeking (BSSS total score, range 1-5)ae, | ||||
M (SD) | 2.8 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.8) | 1.70 (1.43-2.02) | <.01 |
Aggression (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0-10)af, M (SD) | 3.8 (2.2) | 4.0 (2.2) | 1.04 (0.98-1.11) | .24 |
Sociability (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0-10)ag, M (SD) | 5.6 (2.3) | 6.0 (2.1) | 1.08 (1.01-1.15) | .02 |
Anxiety (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0-10)ah, M (SD) | 1.9 (1.9) | 2.1 (2.2) | 1.08 (1.01-1.15) | .03 |
Military training school | ||||
Not started yet (Ref.)ai | 388 (23.6%) | 34 (27.9%) | ||
Started | 256 (15.5%) | 14 (11.5%) | 0.62 (0.33-1.19) | .15 |
Finished | 897 (54.5%) | 61 (50.0%) | 0.78 (0.50-1.20) | .25 |
Discontinued | 106 (6.4%) | 13 (10.7%) | 1.40 (0.71-2.75) | .33 |