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Table 1 The "4Ps" marketing mix applied to public health nutrition policies

From: Smorgasbord or symphony? Assessing public health nutrition policies across 30 European countries using a novel framework

Price

Taxes; subsidies; or other economic incentives

Product

Reformulation; elimination or new products

Place

Schools, workplaces or community settings

Promotion

Restricting marketing to children and adults (advertising controls); nutritional food labelling; nutritional information on menus; public information campaigns; and health education

  1. ("Multi-component interventions" might involve a combination of several approaches).