Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression of risk and protective factors for substance use among Woreta general higher education preparatory and secondary school 9th- 12th-grade students (n = 651), Woreta Town, Northwest Ethiopia, May 2012
Risk or Protective factors | Substance Use | OR (95%CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Crude | Adjusted | ||
n(%) | n (%) | ||||
Socio – Demographic characteristics |  |  |  |  | |
Age (years) | 14-16 | 80(25.6) | 112(33) | 0.70(0.50-0.98) | 0.82(0.52-1.30) |
| Â | 17-19 | 232(74.4) | 227(67) | 1 | 1 |
Sex | Female | 106(34) | 187(55.2) | 1 | 1 |
| Â | Male | 206(66) | 152(44.8) | 2.39(1.74-3.28) | 1.52 (1.03-2.25)* |
Mother’s Ednl. Level | Illiterate | 116(37.2) | 125(36.9) | 1 | 1 |
| Â | 1-6 grade | 132(42.3) | 102(30.1) | 1.40(0.97-2.00) | 1.36(0.88-2.12) |
| Â | 7-12 grade | 41(13.1) | 46(13.6) | 0.96(0.59-1.57) | 0.80(0.44-1.47) |
| Â | Vocl. Certificate | 1(0.3) | 18(5.3) | 0.06(0.01-0.46) | 0.51(0.005-0.55)* |
| Â | Diploma | 12(3.8) | 32(9.4) | 0.40(0.20-0.82) | 0.43(0.19-0.97)* |
| Â | Degree | 10(3.2) | 16(4.3) | 0.67(0.29-1.54) | 1.05(0.38-2.85) |
Father’s Ednl. level | Illiterate | 87(27.9) | 90(26.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Â | 1-6 grade | 113(36.2) | 106(31.3) | 1.10(0.74-1.63) | 0.86(0.50-1.46) |
| Â | 7-12 grade | 64(20.2) | 54(15.9) | 1.22(0.77-1.96) | 1.21(0.62-2.37) |
| Â | Vocl. Certificate | 10(3.2) | 13(3.8) | 0.80(0.33-1.91) | 1.05(0.29-3.81) |
| Â | Diploma | 21(6.7) | 31(9.1) | 0.70(0.37-1.31) | 1.30(0.47-3.58) |
| Â | Degree | 17(5.4) | 45(13.3) | 0.39(0.20-0.73) | 0.47(0.15-1.55) |
Community Domain factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Low neighborhood attachment | Yes | 202(64.7) | 179(52.8) | 1.64(1.20-2.25) | 0.94(0.62-1.43) |
| Â | No | 110(35.5) | 160(47.2) | 1 | 1 |
Community norms favorable to Substance Use | Yes | 133(65.7) | 107(39.2) | 2.97(2.16-4.09) | 1.95(1.31-2.90)** |
| Â | No | 107(34.3) | 206(60.8) | 1 | 1 |
Perceived availability of Substances | Yes | 166(53.2) | 158(46.6) | 1.30(0.96-1.77) | 1.02(0.68-1.53) |
| Â | No | 146(44.6) | 181(55.4) | 1 | 1 |
Community rewards for prosocial involvement | Yes | 213(68.3) | 285(84.1) | 0.41(0.28-0.59) | 0.73(0.45 1.19) |
| Â | No | 99(31.5) | 54(15.9) | 1 | 1 |
Family domain factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poor family management | Yes | 230(73.7) | 207(61.1) | 1.79(1.28-2.50) | 1.40(0.91-2.12) |
| Â | No | 82(26.3) | 132(38.9) | 1 | 1 |
Parental attitude favorable to substance use | Yes | 188(60.3) | 118(34.8) | 2.84(2.07-3.90) | 1.40(0.91-2.12) |
| Â | No | 124(39.7) | 221(65.2) | 1 | 1 |
Family history of alcohol and substance use | Yes | 129(41.3) | 44(13.0) | 4.73(3.20-6.97) | 2.24(1.39-3.59)** |
| Â | No | 183(58.7) | 295(87) | 1 | 1 |
Sibling’s use of substances | Yes | 179(57.4) | 69(20.4) | 5.27(3.72-7.45) | 2.72(1.79-4.14)*** |
| Â | No | 133(42.6) | 270(79.6) | 1 | 1 |
Family attachment | Yes | 152(48.7) | 230(67.8) | 0.45(0.33-0.62) | 0.94(0.59-1.50) |
| Â | No | 160(51.3) | 109(32.2) | 1 | 1 |
Family opportunities for Prosocial involvment. | Yes | 155(49.7) | 229(67.6) | 0.47(0.35-0.65) | 0.83(0.54-1.28) |
| Â | No | 157(50.3) | 110(32.4) | 1 | 1 |
Family rewards for prosocial involvement | Yes | 131(42) | 212(62.5) | 0.43(0.32-0.59) | 1.26(0.82-1.93) |
| Â | No | 181(58%) | 127(37.5) | 1 | 1 |
School domain factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poor academic performance | Yes | 220(70.5) | 160(47.2) | 2.68(1.94-3.70) | 1.67(1.12-2.47)* |
| Â | No | 92(29.5) | 179(52.8) | 1 | 1 |
Low school commitment | Yes | 203(65.1) | 174(51.3) | 1.77(1.29-2.42) | 0.92(0.59-1.42) |
| Â | No | 109(34.9) | 165(48.7) | 1 | 1 |
School opportunities for prosocial involvement | Yes | 188(60.3) | 249(73.5) | 055(0.39-0.76) | 1.40(0.88-2.20) |
| Â | No | 124(39.7) | 90(26.5) | 1 | 1 |
School rewards for prosocial involvement | Yes | 170(54.5) | 232(68.4) | 0.55(0.40-0.76) | 0.89(0.56-1.41) |
| Â | No | 142(45.5) | 107(31.6) | 1 | 1 |
Peer and individual domain factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low perceived risk of Substance Use | Yes | 230(73.3) | 159(46.9) | 3.18(2.28-4.42) | 1.73(1.15-2.60)* |
| Â | No | 82(31.3) | 180(68.7) | 1 | 1 |
Friends use of substances | Yes | 182(58.3) | 85(25.1) | 4.18(2.99-5.84) | 2.14(1.44-3.18)*** |
| Â | No | 130(41.7) | 254(74.9) | 1 | 1 |
Peer rewards for antisocial behaviors | Yes | 183(58.7) | 131(38.6) | 2.25(1.65-3.08) | 1.18(0.79-1.76) |
| Â | No | 129(41.3) | 208(61.4) | 1 | 1 |
Religiosity | Yes | 92(29.5) | 199(58.7) | 0.29(0.21-0.41) | 0.46(0.31-0.68)*** |
| Â | No | 220(70.5) | 140(41.3) | 1 | 1 |
Social skills | Yes | 126(40.4) | 231(68.1) | 0.32(0.23-0.44) | 0.61(0.40-0.91)* |
| Â | No | 186(59.6) | 108(31.9) | 1 | 1 |
Belief in the moral order | Yes | 212(67.9) | 284(88.3) | 0.41(0.28-0.60) | 0.90(0.54-1.48) |
| Â | No | 100(32.1) | 55(16.2) | 1 | 1 |
Interaction with prosocial peers | Yes | 137(43.9) | 207(61.1) | 0.50(0.37-0.68) | 0.88(0.59-1.32) |
| Â | No | 175(56.1) | 132(38.9) | 1 | 1 |