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Table 3 Multivariate analysis results for children’s stunting and underweight, IHS-2

From: Seasonal variation of child under nutrition in Malawi: is seasonal food availability an important factor? Findings from a national level cross-sectional study

Variable

Stunting odds ratio

95% confidence interval

Underweight odds ratio

95% confidence interval

Period of interview is September to February

0.80

(0.72,0.90)

0.77

(0.66,0.90)

Reference : March to August

    

Child characteristics

    

Female

0.80

(0.72,0.89)

0.72

(0.62,0.84)

Reference is Male

    

Age squared

0.69

(0.65,0.73)

0.92

(0.84,1.01)

Age

1.42

(1.34,1.51)

1.13

(1.03,1.23)

Child was ill

1.10

(0.99,1.23)

1.18

(1.01,1.38)

Reference: Child was not ill

    

Household characteristics

    

Annual household expenditure on food

0.92

(0.87,0.98)

0.97

(0.89,1.06)

Medium housing quality ( Household has a permanent roof or an improved floor)

0.91

(0.74,1.12)

0.65

(0.46,0.93)

High housing quality (Household has both a permanent roof and improved floor)

0.70

(0.58,0.86)

0.53

(0.37,0.75)

Missing

0.78

(0.32,1.86)

1.71

(0.66,4.41)

Reference: Poor Housing quality (household has neither a permanent roof nor an improved floor)

    

Household has a toilet facility

0.94

(0.80,1.11)

1.14

(0.89,1.46)

Missing

1.01

(0.46,2.18)

1.40

(0.55,3.55)

Reference: No toilet facility

    

Household has protected water source

0.88

(0.77,1.00)

0.80

(0.66,0.97)

Missing

1.21

(0.69,2.11)

0.89

(0.35,2.24)

Reference: No protected water source

    

Household head’s qualification:

    

Primary school certificate

0.89

(0.73,1.06)

0.78

(0.57,1.06)

Secondary school certificate or higher

0.84

(0.70,1.03)

0.71

(0.50,1.00)

Missing

1.00

(0.43,2.36)

0.51

(0.19,1.35)

Reference: No education)

    

Location characteristics

    

Central region

1.19

(1.03,1.39)

1.13

(0.90,1.42)

Southern region

0.96

(0.82,1.12)

1.03

(0.81,1.30)

Reference: Northern Region

    

Rural

0.93

(0.77,1.13)

0.81

(0.60,1.07)

Reference: Urban

    
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