Table 1 Evidence for barriers to sharing of routinely collected public health data
From: A systematic review of barriers to data sharing in public health
| Category | Barrier | Peer-reviewed | Non peer-reviewed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empirical data | Non-empirical* | |||
| Technical | 1. Data not collected | [6, 21, 24, 31] | [2, 4, 7, 18, 22, 14, 26–28, 30] | [3, 23, 25] |
| 2. Data not preserved | [33] | [3, 32, 34, 35] | ||
| 3. Data not found | [45] | [3, 34] | ||
| 4. Language barrier | [36] | |||
| 5. Restrictive data format | [40] | [3, 34, 36–39, 41] | ||
| 6. Technical solutions not available | [42] | [37] | ||
| 7. Lack of metadata and standards | [21, 24, 43] | [40, 44, 45] | [1, 35–37, 39, 41, 46] | |
| Motivational | 8. No incentives | [27, 45, 49] | [35] | |
| 9. Opportunity cost | [51, 52] | [13, 33, 50, 53] | [35] | |
| 10. Possible criticism | [33] | [32] | ||
| 11. Disagreement on data use | [21] | [49] | ||
| Economic | 12. Possible economic damage | [7, 26, 27, 30] | [55] | |
| 13. Lack of resources | [56, 21] | [13, 27, 28, 30, 42, 53, 57] | [3, 23, 34–36, 39, 37] | |
| Political | 14. Lack of trust | [19, 59, 60] | [33, 61] | [34–37] |
| 15. Restrictive policies | [30] | |||
| 16. Lack of guidelines | [45, 62, 65] | [37, 41, 63, 64] | ||
| Legal | 17. Ownership and copyright | [62, 65, 66, 69] | [37, 63, 64, 67] | |
| 18. Protection of privacy | [12, 19, 59, 73, 75] | [44, 57, 62, 66, 72, 74] | [36, 37, 64, 67, 68, 70, 71] | |
| Ethical | 19. Lack of proportionality | [76] | ||
| 20. Lack of reciprocity | [51, 52] | [50, 77, 78] | ||
| Number of unique documents (% of total) | 14 (21.5%) | 30 (46.2%) | 21 (32.3%) | |