From: A systematic review of barriers to data sharing in public health
Category | Barrier | Peer-reviewed | Non peer-reviewed | |
---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Empirical data | Non-empirical* |  |
Technical | 1. Data not collected | |||
 | 2. Data not preserved |  | [33] | |
 | 3. Data not found |  | [45] | |
 | 4. Language barrier |  |  | [36] |
 | 5. Restrictive data format |  | [40] | |
 | 6. Technical solutions not available |  | [42] | [37] |
 | 7. Lack of metadata and standards | |||
Motivational | 8. No incentives | Â | [35] | |
 | 9. Opportunity cost | [35] | ||
 | 10. Possible criticism |  | [33] | [32] |
 | 11. Disagreement on data use | [21] | [49] |  |
Economic | 12. Possible economic damage | Â | [55] | |
 | 13. Lack of resources | |||
Political | 14. Lack of trust | |||
 | 15. Restrictive policies |  | [30] |  |
 | 16. Lack of guidelines |  | ||
Legal | 17. Ownership and copyright | Â | ||
 | 18. Protection of privacy | |||
Ethical | 19. Lack of proportionality | Â | Â | [76] |
 | 20. Lack of reciprocity |  | ||
Number of unique documents (% of total) | 14 (21.5%) | 30 (46.2%) | 21 (32.3%) |