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Table 4 Beta estimates (95% confidence intervals) calculated from unadjusted linear regression analyses between toxic metal levels and distance to nearest active smelter, child’s age, or sex

From: Toxic metal levels in children residing in a smelting craft village in Vietnam: a pilot biomonitoring study

Metala

Distance to nearest active smelter

Age

Sexc

 

β (95% CI)

Fold-change (% change)b

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Pb-B

−1.11 (−2.21, -0.01)*

2.16 (116%)

−0.17 (−0.59, 0.24)

−0.14 (−0.74, 0.47)

As-N

−0.29 (−1.47, 0.89)

1.22 (22%)

0.10 (−0.30, 0.51)

−0.32 (−0.90, 0.26)

Cd-N

−0.35 (−1.34, 0.64)

1.28 (28%)

−0.08 (−0.43, 0.26)

−0.39 (−0.86, 0.08)

Cr-N

0.97 (0.11, 1.84)*

0.51 (−49%)

−0.05 (−0.38, 0.29)

0.22 (−0.26, 0.70)

Pb-N

−1.34 (−3.65, 0.96)

2.54 (154%)

−0.07 (−0.90, 0.75)

−0.43 (−1.61, 0.75)

Mn-N

0.39 (−0.75, 1.53)

0.76 (−24%)

−0.07 (−0.47, 0.33)

−0.11 (−0.69, 0.46)

Hg-N

2.39 (0.80-3.98)*

0.19 (−81%)

0.04 (−0.63, 0.71)

0.69 (−0.23, 1.61)

  1. *p < 0.05.
  2. aB denotes blood metal levels. N denotes toenail metal levels.
  3. bMetal levels and the distance to the nearest active smelter were natural-log transformed. The fold-change values represent the exponentiated beta value (0.5β) and corresponding percent change in BLL when the distance to smelter is decreased by half.
  4. cFemales served as the referent group.