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Table 3 Three models of multivariable logistic regression investigating factors associated with stunting among children under-5 years of age in Rwanda

From: Impact of implementing performance-based financing on childhood malnutrition in Rwanda

 

I: AOR (95% CI)

II: AOR (95% CI)

III: AOR (95% CI)

Child characteristics

Sex

   

 Male

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 Female

0.90 (0.65 - 1.26)

1.03 (0.73 - 1.46)

1.01 (0.71 - 1.44)

Age in months

   

 0-5 months

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 6-11 months

1.35 (0.62 – 2.92)

1.28 (0.57 - 2.87)

1.25 (0.56 - 2.81)

 12-23 months

2.70 (1.33 - 5.49)

2.78 (1.31 - 5.92)

2.83 (1.33 - 5.92)

 24-35 months

1.04 (0.54 - 2.01)

1.06 (0.53 - 2.12)

1.06 (0.53 - 2.12)

 36-47 months

1.60 (0.83 - 3.08)

1.40 (0.70 - 2.81)

1.39 (0.69 - 2.80)

 48-60 months

1.49 (0.79 – 2.83)

1.68 (0.84 - 3.38)

1.71 (0.85 - 3.45)

Health insurance

   

 No

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 Yes

0.83 (0.53 - 1.30)

1.01 (0.63 - 1.62)

1.02 (0.63 - 1.65)

HIV status

   

 Negative

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 Positive

1.82 (0.76 - 4.36)

1.55 (0.59 - 4.05)

1.59 (0.60 - 4.18)

Recent illness

   

 No

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 Yes

1.10 (0.75 - 1.51)

1.03 (0.70 - 1.52)

1.04 (0.70 - 1.55)

Maternal characteristics

Education

   

 None

 

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 Primary

 

1.21 (0.77 - 1.89)

1.27 (0.81 - 1.99)

 > Primary

 

1.09 (0.56 - 2.13)

1.12 (0.57 - 2.18)

Age (continuous)

 

0.99 (0.96 - 1.03)

0.99 (0.96 - 1.03)

Marital status

   

 Married

 

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 Divorced/widowed

 

1.08 (0.69 - 1.70)

1.10 (0.69 - 1.74)

 Never married

 

1.04 (0.54 - 2.00)

1.00 (0.51 - 1.96)

HIV status

   

 Negative

 

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 Positive

 

1.07 (0.72 - 1.59)

1.08 (0.72 - 1.62)

Emotional problems

   

 No

 

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 Yes

 

1.00 (1.00 - 1.01)

1.00 (1.00 - 1.01)

Social functioning

   

 High

 

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 Low

 

1.00 (0.99 - 1.01)

1.00 (0.99 - 1.01)

Physical health

   

 Good

 

1.00 (−−)

1.00 (−−)

 Poor

 

1.00 (1.00 - 1.00)

1.00 (1.00 - 1.00)

Household characteristics

Catastrophic health expenditure

   

 <20% income spent

  

1.00 (−−)

 20% - 40% income spent

  

0.93 (0.45 - 1.91)

 ≥ 40% income spent

  

0.82 (0.34 - 1.95)

Have other children under 5 years

   

 No

  

1.00 (−−)

 Yes

  

1.10 (0.86 - 1.4)

Performance-based financing

 Lives in Phase II district

  

1.00 (−−)

 Lives in Phase 0 district

  

0.90 (0.55 - 1.48)

 Lives in Phase I district

  

0.98 (0.67 - 1.44)

  1. AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval.
  2. I: Adjusted for child characteristics.
  3. II: Adjusted for child characteristics and maternal characteristics.
  4. III: Adjusted for child characteristics, maternal characteristics, household characteristics and PBF.
  5. Bold typeface indicates factors significantly associated with malnutrition at the 0.05 significance level.