White bread | ≤ 1/week | 2-6/week | 1/day | ≥ 2/day | P b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (n) | 2 474 | 2 010 | 2 680 | 2 103 | |
White bread (g/day) | 3 (4) | 36 (11) | 60 (0) | 171 (62) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 37.7 (11.7) | 37.2 (11.3) | 37.0 (10.9) | 39.2 (11.6) | <0.001 |
Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 (3.4) | 23.6 (3.3) | 23.3 (3.2) | 23.9 (3.4) | <0.001 |
Baseline weight (kg) | 66.8 (13.4) | 68.1 (13.5) | 66.8 (12.8) | 70.2 (13.4) | <0.001 |
Physical activity during leisure time (MET-h/week) | 25.1 (23.1) | 24.3 22.8 | 24.3 21.8 | 24.3 20.9 | 0.45 |
Weight change (kg/year) | 0.2 (1) | 0.3 (1) | 0.2 (0.9) | 0.3 (1) | 0.14 |
TV (h/day) | 1.7 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.78 |
Sitting (h/day) | 2.9 (2.4) | 3.1 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.5) | 3.1 (2.5) | 0.09 |
Sex (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Men | 38.4 | 46.8 | 41.6 | 59.2 | |
Smoking status (%) | 0.32 | ||||
Current smoker | 26.8 | 26.8 | 24.6 | 25.2 | |
Ex-smoker | 27.4 | 26.7 | 28.1 | 29.1 | |
Energy (kcal/day) | 2 133 (629) | 2 261 (570) | 2 441 (552) | 2 767 (532) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrates (% E) | 41 (8) | 43 (6) | 44 (6) | 47 (6) | <0.001 |
Protein (% E) | 19 (4) | 18 (3) | 18 (3) | 17 (2) | <0.001 |
Fat (% E) | 38 (7) | 38 (6) | 37 (6) | 34 (6) | <0.001 |
SFA (% E) | 13.2 (3.8) | 13.0 (2.9) | 12.7 (2.8) | 11.6 (2.5) | <0.001 |
MUFA (% E) | 16.2 (4.3) | 15.6 (3.2) | 15.8 (3.4) | 14.7 (3.4) | <0.001 |
PUFA (% E) | 5.3 (1.7) | 5.4 (1.5) | 5.3 (1.5) | 5.0 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Fiber (g/day) | 27 14) | 25 (11) | 27 (11) | 28 (10) | <0.001 |
Pure alcohol (g/day) | 6.5 (11.1) | 6.9 (9.9) | 6.7 (9.8) | 8.3 (11.6) | <0.001 |
Vegetables (g/day) | 525 (364) | 468 (283) | 504 (297) | 473 (289) | <0.001 |
Fruit (g/day) | 343 (313) | 298 (233) | 354 (311) | 307 (249) | <0.001 |
Legumes (g/day) | 24 (25) | 23 (14) | 22 (12) | 23 (14) | <0.001 |
Whole grain bread (g/day) | 21 (41) | 9 (23) | 9 (26) | 6 (22) | <0.001 |
Dairy products (g/day) | 196 (211) | 208 (193) | 237 (210) | 240 (209) | <0.001 |
Meat and meat products (g/day) | 167 (84) | 178 (75) | 179 (72) | 185 (71) | <0.001 |
Fish and seafood (g/day) | 98 (66) | 97 (57) | 96 (59) | 92 (50) | 0.001 |
Processed pastries (g/day) | 12 (19) | 15 (20) | 16 (22) | 17 (24) | <0.001 |
Soft-drinks (g/day) | 67 (150) | 66 (118) | 59 (95) | 58 (119) | 0.033 |
Fast-food (g/day) | 19 (20) | 23 (21) | 22 (20) | 21 (19) | <0.001 |
Olive oil (g/day) | 19 (18) | 16 (14) | 22 (17) | 25 (20) | <0.001 |
Mediterranean dietary patternb | 4.0 (1.8) | 3.9 (1.8) | 4.3 (1.8) | 4.7 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Whole-grain bread | ≤ 1/week | 2-6/week | 1/day | ≥ 2/day | P b |
Participants (n) | 7672 | 771 | 603 | 221 | |
Whole grain bread (g/day) | 1 (2) | 32 (10) | 60 (0) | 162 (47) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 37.7 (11.4) | 37.6 (11.1) | 37.9 (11.6) | 41.1 (11.6) | <0.001 |
Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 (3.3) | 23.5 (3.4) | 23.2 (3.2) | 23.3 (3.1) | 0.006 |
Baseline weight (kg) | 68.2 (13.4) | 67.1 (13.7) | 64.8 (11.9) | 65.6 (12.3) | <0.001 |
Physical activity during leisure time (MET-h/week) | 23.9 (21.5) | 27.4 (26.2) | 25.8 (22.4) | 30.3 (25.6) | <0.001 |
Weight change (kg/year) | 0.23 (0.9) | 0.26 (1.1) | 0.23 (1) | 0.09 (0.82) | 0.16 |
TV (h/day) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.4) | 0.21 |
Sitting (h/day) | 3.0 (2.4) | 2.9 (2.3) | 2.9 (2.6) | 2.8 (2.2) | 0.06 |
Sex (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Men | 48.4 | 36.6 | 29.0 | 34.8 | |
Smoking status (%) | 0.14 | ||||
Current smoker | 26.4 | 23.3 | 23.2 | 19.5 | |
Ex-smoker | 27.3 | 29.1 | 31.0 | 33.9 | |
Energy (kcal/day) | 2384 (625) | 2323 (580) | 2478 (572) | 2733 (513) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrates (% E) | 44 (7) | 44 (7) | 45 (7) | 49 (7) | <0.001 |
Protein (% E) | 18 (3) | 18 (3) | 18 (3) | 17 (3) | <0.001 |
Fat (% E) | 37 (6) | 35 (6) | 35 (7) | 33 (6) | <0.001 |
SFA (% E) | 12.9 (3.1) | 11.9 (3.0) | 11.3 (2.9) | 10.2 (2.5) | <0.001 |
MUFA (% E) | 15.7 (3.6) | 14.9 (3.4) | 15.1 (3.7) | 14.4 (3.8) | <0.001 |
PUFA (% E) | 5.3 (1.6) | 4.9 (1.3) | 4.9 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.3) | <0.001 |
Fiber (g/day) | 25 (11) | 30 (12) | 35 (12) | 44 (13) | <0.001 |
Pure alcohol (g/day) | 7.2 (10.9) | 6.4 (8.4) | 5.9 (9.5) | 6.2 (9.8) | 0.008 |
Vegetables (g/day) | 475 (306) | 575 (323) | 606 (329) | 588 (315) | <0.001 |
Fruit (g/day) | 313 (276) | 365 (280) | 427 (317) | 454 (362) | <0.001 |
Legumes (g/day) | 23 (18) | 23 (15) | 23 (15) | 19 (9) | 0.016 |
White bread (g/day) | 70 (70) | 36 (47) | 43 (52) | 33 (53) | <0.001 |
Dairy products (g/day) | 230 (212) | 179 (185) | 170 (166) | 164 (169) | <0.001 |
Meat and meat products (g/day) | 180 (76) | 154 (76) | 164 (81) | 156 (71) | <0.001 |
Fish and seafood (g/day) | 94 (59) | 105 (56) | 105 (59) | 109 (62) | <0.001 |
Processed pastries (g/day) | 16 (22) | 12 (16) | 10 (14) | 11 (19) | <0.001 |
Soft-drinks (g/day) | 64 (123) | 63 (126) | 51 (101) | 42 (118) | 0.006 |
Fast-food (g/day) | 22 (20) | 21 (21) | 18 (17) | 15 (15) | <0.001 |
Olive oil (g/day) | 20 (18) | 19 (15) | 25 (19) | 29 (20) | <0.001 |
Mediterranean dietary patternc | 4.0 (1.7) | 4.8 (1.7) | 5.2 (1.7) | 5.5 (1.6) | <0.001 |