Table 1 Main characteristics (mean and standard deviation (s.d.)) of the 9 267 participants of the SUN project according to quintiles of glycemic index and glycemic load
Glycemic index | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (n) | 1 859 | 1 851 | 1 852 | 1 853 | 1 852 | |
Glycemic index | 45 (2) | 50 (0.7) | 52 (0.6) | 54 (0.7) | 58 (2) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 39.1 (11.5) | 37.3 (11.1) | 36.9 (11.3) | 37.3 (11.3) | 38.0 (11.2) | <0.001 |
Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 (3.3) | 23.5 (3.3) | 23.4 (3.2) | 23.4 (3.2) | 23.6 (3.3) | 0.032 |
Baseline weight (kg) | 67.4 (13.5) | 67.6 (13.4) | 67.3 (13.1) | 67.6 (13.1) | 69.0 (13.2) | <0.001 |
Physical activity during leisure time (MET-h/week) | 25.0 (24.1) | 24.8 (22.3) | 24.4 (22.0) | 25.3 (21.6) | 22.8 (20.4) | <0.001 |
Weight change (kg/year) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.1 (0.9) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.17 |
TV (h/day) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.54 |
Sitting (h/day) | 2.9 (2.3) | 3.0 (2.4) | 2.9 (2.3) | 2.9 (2.4) | 3.1 (2.4) | 0.24 |
Sex (%) | <0.001 | |||||
Men | 39.4 | 43.3 | 44.1 | 47.5 | 55.0 | |
Smoking status (%) | 0.003 | |||||
Current smoker | 26.8 | 25.7 | 25.5 | 25.6 | 25.4 | |
Ex-smoker | 30.5 | 28.4 | 25.6 | 27.9 | 27.1 | |
Energy (kcal/day) | 2 130 (608) | 2 335 (594) | 2 413 (595) | 2 512 (601) | 2 576 (594) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrates (% E) | 39 (7) | 42 (6) | 43 (6) | 44 (6) | 47 (6) | <0.001 |
Protein (% E) | 20 (3) | 18 (2) | 17 (2) | 16 (2) | 16 (2) | <0.001 |
Fat (% E) | 38 (7) | 37 (6) | 37 (5) | 36 (5) | 33 (6) | <0.001 |
SFA (% E) | 13.4 (3.9) | 12.9 (3.1) | 12.9 (2.9) | 12.4 (2.8) | 11.5 (2.7) | <0.001 |
MUFA (% E) | 16.3 (4.1) | 15.8 (3.5) | 15.8 (3.4) | 15.6 (3.4) | 14.7 (3.5) | <0.001 |
PUFA (% E) | 5.0 (1.5) | 5.3 (1.5) | 5.4 (1.6) | 5.4 (1.6) | 5.2 (1.6) | <0.001 |
Fiber (g/day) | 27.8 (14.0) | 27.2 (11.6) | 26.5 (11.3) | 26.3 (10.6) | 25.2 (10.7) | <0.001 |
Pure alcohol (g/day) | 8.6 (13.6) | 6.8 (10.4) | 6.5 (9.4) | 6.6 (9.0) | 6.6 (10.0) | 0.84 |
Vegetables (g/day) | 637 (425) | 533 (298) | 475 (269) | 442 (245) | 383 (219) | <0.001 |
Fruit (g/day) | 373 (314) | 364 (313) | 339 (293) | 312 (256) | 251 (208) | <0.001 |
Legumes (g/day) | 23 (19) | 24 (17) | 23 (18) | 22 (16) | 20 (12) | <0.001 |
White bread (g/day) | 18 (23) | 35 (28) | 49 (36) | 78 (54) | 143 (90) | <0.001 |
Whole grain bread (g/day) | 6 (16) | 9 (21) | 11 (26) | 11 (28) | 16 (46) | <0.001 |
Dairy products (g/day) | 212 (235) | 227 (211) | 230 (203) | 222 (201) | 208 (181) | 0.001 |
Meat and meat products (g/day) | 174 (84) | 179 (76) | 179 (72) | 177 (73) | 173 (72) | 0.028 |
Fish and seafood (g/day) | 106 (67) | 102 (65) | 93 (54) | 91 (52) | 84 (48) | <0.001 |
Processed pastries (g/day) | 11 (16) | 15 (22) | 16 (22) | 16 (21) | 15 (22) | <0.001 |
Soft-drinks (g/day) | 55 (116) | 63 (130) | 61 (99) | 65 (121) | 66 (138) | 0.044 |
Fast-food (g/day) | 19 (21) | 22 (21) | 22 (19) | 21 (19) | 19 (18) | <0.001 |
Olive oil (g/day) | 19 (17) | 19 (16) | 19 (16) | 21 (17) | 22 (19) | <0.001 |
Mediterranean dietary patternb | 4.2 (1.7) | 4.1 (1.8) | 4.1 (1.8) | 4.3 (1.8) | 4.2 (1.7) | 0.017 |
Glycemic load | Quintile1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | |
Participants (n) | 1 851 | 1 858 | 1 853 | 1 850 | 1 855 | |
Glycemic load | 73 (17) | 109 (7) | 134 (7) | 161 (8) | 213 (31) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 39.4 (11.5) | 37.4 (11.2) | 37.2 (11.1) | 36.8 (11.3) | 37.8 (11.5) | <0.001 |
Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 (3.5) | 23.5 (3.2) | 23.4 (3.2) | 23.2 (3.2) | 23.5 (3.2) | <0.001 |
Baseline weight (kg) | 68.3 (13.8) | 67.5 (13.3) | 67.0 (12.8) | 67.0 (13.4) | 69.1 (13.0) | <0.001 |
Physical activity during leisure time (MET-h/week) | 21.3 (18.8) | 23.4 (19.9) | 24.5 (22.5) | 25.8 (23.0) | 27.3 (25.4) | <0.001 |
Weight change (kg/year) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.9) | 0.2 (0.9) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.1 (0.9) | 0.31 |
TV (h/day) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.13 |
Sitting (h/day) | 2.9 (2.3) | 3.0 (2.3) | 2.9 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.4) | 3.1 (2.4) | 0.05 |
Sex (%) | <0.001 | |||||
Men | 42.9 | 42.4 | 42.8 | 45.6 | 55.6 | |
Smoking status (%) | <0.001 | |||||
Current smoker | 27.9 | 26.7 | 25.6 | 25.8 | 23.2 | |
Ex-smoker | 31.2 | 29.0 | 28.3 | 26.2 | 24.7 | |
Energy (kcal/day) | 1 664 (390) | 2 112 (349) | 2 402 (378) | 2 686 (373) | 3 102 (395) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrates (% E) | 37 (7) | 41 (5) | 43 (5) | 45 (5) | 49 (5) | <0.001 |
Protein (% E) | 20 (3) | 18 (2) | 17 (2) | 17 (2) | 15 (2) | <0.001 |
Fat (% E) | 39 (7) | 37 (6) | 36 (5) | 35 (5) | 32 (5) | <0.001 |
SFA (% E) | 13.9 (3.7) | 13.0 (3.1) | 12.7 (2.9) | 12.2 (2.7) | 11.1 (2.6) | <0.001 |
MUFA (% E) | 17.2 (4.4) | 16.1 (3.5) | 15.6 (3.3) | 15.2 (3.1) | 13.9 (2.9) | <0.001 |
PUFA (% E) | 5.3 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.6) | 5.0 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Fiber (g/day) | 18 (8) | 23 (9) | 25 (8) | 29 (10) | 34 (13) | <0.001 |
Pure alcohol (g/day) | 7.2 (11.4) | 7.1 (10.2) | 6.9 (10.2) | 6.8 (10.3) | 7.1 (11.1) | 0.84 |
Vegetables (g/day) | 428 (284) | 489 (315) | 491 (285) | 523 (321) | 538 (340) | <0.001 |
Fruit (g/day) | 212 (163) | 288 (211) | 324 (234) | 362 (268) | 451 (416) | <0.001 |
Legumes (g/day) | 17 (13) | 21 (14) | 23 (15) | 24 (18) | 26 (21) | <0.001 |
White bread (g/day) | 21 (24) | 39 (34) | 57 (46) | 78 (57) | 128 (97) | <0.001 |
Whole grain bread (g/day) | 5 (14) | 8 (20) | 10 (25) | 13 (34) | 17 (43) | <0.001 |
Meat and meat products (g/day) | 154 (75) | 171 (75) | 184 (75) | 188 (73) | 185 (74) | <0.001 |
Fish and seafood (g/day) | 88 (65) | 95 (55) | 97 (54) | 96 (53) | 101 (62) | <0.001 |
Processed pastries (g/day) | 8 (12) | 12 (16) | 15 (20) | 17 (22) | 20 (28) | <0.001 |
Soft-drinks (g/day) | 51 (112) | 53 (87) | 64 (120) | 62 (127) | 79 (150) | <0.001 |
Fast-food (g/day) | 15 (16) | 20 (17) | 22 (20) | 24 (21) | 23 (21) | <0.001 |
Olive oil (g/day) | 16 (16) | 19 (17) | 20 (16) | 22 (18) | 22 (18) | <0.001 |
Mediterranean dietary patternb | 3.5 (1.6) | 3.9 (1.7) | 4.2 (1.8) | 4.5 (1.7) | 4.8 (1.7) | <0.001 |