Table 3 Mixed linear model estimates for moderating effects on Parental Self-Efficacy (PSE)

Child age × Time × (I)

-0.55

0.69

-0.80

-1.90, 0.80

.423

Child age × Time × (C)

.11

0.71

0.16

-1.29, 1.52

.874

Child gender(boy) × Time × (I)

.81

3.70

0.22

-6.44, 8.07

.826

Child gender(boy) × Time × (C)

2.65

3.74

0.71

-4.70, 10.00

.479

Parents’ birth country (foreign-born) × Time × (I)

-4.39

4.53

-0.97

-13.28, 4.50

.333

Parents’ birth country (foreign-born) × Time × (C)

-2.45

4.44

-0.55

-11.17, 6.26

.580

Parental education (university) × Time × (I)

9.44

3.67

2.57

2.23, 16.65

.010

Parental education (university) × Time × (C)

2.87

3.72

0.77

-4.44, 10.17

.442

Parental positive mental health × Time × (I)

-2.13

0.68

-3.13

-3.46, -0.79

.002

Parental positive mental health × Time × (C)

0.07

0.70

0.10

-1.31, 1.45

.920

Number of children^a × Time × (I)

16.17

5.24

3.09

5.88, 26.48

.002

Number of children^a × Time × (C)

-3.80

5.06

-0.75

-13.73, 6.14

.453