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Table 1 Baseline characteristics in male and female subjects ( n = 16, 636)

From: Resting heart rate as a marker for identifying the risk of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional survey

Variables

Male (n =6, 533)

Female (n =10, 103)

Pvalue

Age (years), mean (±sd)

54.51(11.06)

52.31(10.79)

0.0001

Occupation, n (%)

  

0.0001

Farmers

4613(70.61)

9557(94.60)

 

Laborers

1433(21.93)

425(4.21)

 

Employers/managers

487(7.45)

121(1.20)

 

Education, n (%)

  

0.0001

No education

420(6.43)

2461(24.36)

 

Primary school

2054(31.44)

3666(36.29)

 

Middle school

3101(47.47)

3371(33.37)

 

High school

855(13.09)

568(5.62)

 

College and above

103(1.58)

37(0.37)

 

Marital status, n (%)

  

0.4178

Married/cohabitation

5964(91.29)

9186(90.92)

 

Divorced/widowed/unmarried

569(8.71)

917(9.08)

 

Physical activity, n (%)

  

0.0001

Low

1665(25.49)

3365(33.31)

 

Moderate

1142(17.48)

2432(24.07)

 

High

3726(57.03)

4306(42.62)

 

Mean individual income (annual), n (%)

  

0.0001

< 1000 CNY

2464(37.72)

4050(40.09)

 

1000 - CNY

2033(31.12)

3277(32.44)

 

≥ 2000 CNY

2036(31.16)

2776(27.48)

 

Current smoking, n (%)

3501(53.59)

38(0.38)

0.0001

Current drinking, n (%)

1721(26.34)

63(0.62)

0.0001

More high-fat diet, n (%)

627(9.60)

285(2.82)

0.0001

More vegetable and fruit intake, n (%)

3503(53.62)

4756(47.08)

0.0001

Family history of T2DM, n (%)

307(4.70)

510(5.05)

0.3093

Waist circumference (cm), mean (±sd)

83.17(10.10)

82.63(10.25)

0.0006

Pulse pressure (mmHg), mean (±sd)

47.89(11.62)

48.02(14.11)

0.5401

Fasting glucose (mmol/L), mean (±sd)

5.49(1.09)

5.60(1.22)

0.0001

Resting heart rate (beats/min), n (%)

  

0.0001

<60

706(10.81)

361(3.57)

 

60 -

2115(32.37)

2344(23.20)

 

70 -

2223(34.03)

4026(39.85)

 

≥ 80

1489(22.79)

3372(33.38)

 

Undiagnosed T2DM, n (%)

283(4.33)

531(5.26)

0.0070

  1. Abbreviations: sd standard deviation, CNY ChinaYuan, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus.