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Table 5 Logistic regression model exploring significant correlates of at least some OOPE (more than zero vs zero)

From: Out-of-pocket expenditure by Australian seniors with chronic disease: the effect of specific diseases and morbidity clusters

Variable

Logistic model A1

Logistic model A2

Logistic model A3

Logistic model A4

Logistic model A5

OR

p

95% CI

OR

p

95% CI

OR

p

95% CI

OR

p

95% CI

OR

p

95% CI

Number of chronic diseases

1.44

<0.01

1.33-1.57

            

Specific chronic conditions

               

Cancer

   

1.60

<0.01

1.23-2.08

         

Heart

   

1.54

<0.01

1.12-2.12

         

HBP

   

1.56

<0.01

1.29-1.89

         

Stroke

   

1.33

0.39

0.69-2.56

         

Diabetes

   

1.43

0.04

1.02-2.00

         

Asthma

   

1.26

0.09

0.96-1.65

         

Bronchitis

   

0.89

0.68

0.52-1.54

         

Arthritis

   

1.22

0.08

0.98-1.52

         

Osteoporosis

   

1.32

0.11

0.94-1.86

         

Depression

   

1.38

0.06

0.99-1.93

         

Multiple morbidity a

               

No disease

      

0.50

<0.01

0.36-0.69

      

Arthritis only

      

0.81

0.38

0.51-1.29

      

All others with one disease

      

1.01

0.97

0.71-1.44

      

HBP and arthritis

      

1.70

0.08

0.94-3.07

      

HBP and diabetes

      

1.07

0.85

0.53-2.16

      

HBP and heart disease

      

1.64

0.32

0.61-4.40

      

Arthritis and asthma

      

1.00

0.99

0.45-2.26

      

All others with two diseases

      

1.71

<0.01

1.19-2.47

      

HBP, arthritis and cancer

      

1.67

0.36

0.55-5.01

      

HBP, arthritis and diabetes

      

3.50

0.09

0.8-15.22

      

All others with three diseases

      

1.82

<0.01

1.22-2.71

      

All with four diseases

      

2.10

<0.01

1.29-3.41

      

All with more than four diseases

      

2.32

<0.01

1.29-4.15

      

Natural clusters

               

People with none of these conditions

         

1.00

-

-

   

Group 1 (asthma-bronchitis-arthritis-osteoporosis-depression)

         

2.03

<0.01

1.56-2.65

   

Group 2 (HBP-Diabetes)

         

2.23

<0.01

1.74-2.86

   

Group 3 (heart-stroke)

         

2.93

<0.01

2.04-4.20

   

Group 4 (cancer)

         

2.40

<0.01

1.76-3.27

   

Clinically suggested clusters

               

Asthma and bronchitis

            

1.19

0.18

0.92-1.54

Arthritis and osteoporosis

            

1.33

<0.01

1.07-1.64

Depression

            

1.39

0.05

0.99-1.93

Heart, HBP, stroke and diabetes

            

1.87

<0.01

1.54-2.26

Cancer

            

1.61

<0.01

1.24-2.10

Number of other chronic diseases

   

1.74

<0.01

1.42-2.14

   

1.71

<0.01

1.40-2.10

1.74

<0.01

1.42-2.13

Age groups

               

75+

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

50-64 years

1.03

0.82

0.79-1.36

1.04

0.76

0.79-1.38

1.09

0.56

0.82-1.43

1.05

0.74

0.80-1.38

1.05

0.74

0.79-1.38

65-74 years

1.00

0.97

0.80-1.27

1.00

0.97

0.79-1.27

1.03

0.82

0.81-1.30

1.02

0.84

0.81-1.30

1.00

0.99

0.79-1.26

Male

1.46

<0.01

1.21-1.76

1.40

<0.01

1.15-1.70

1.43

<0.01

1.18-1.73

1.37

<0.01

1.13-1.66

1.40

<0.01

1.15-1.69

SF-12 physical health score

0.95

<0.01

0.93-0.96

0.95

<0.01

0.93-0.96

0.95

<0.01

0.93-0.96

0.94

<0.01

0.92-0.95

0.95

<0.01

0.93-0.96

SF-12 mental health score

0.97

<0.01

0.95-0.99

0.97

<0.01

0.95-0.98

0.97

<0.01

0.95-0.98

0.96

<0.01

0.94-0.98

0.96

<0.01

0.95-0.98

Income

               

<20 000 (ref)

1.33

0.03

1.03-1.72

1.33

0.03

1.03-1.72

1.32

0.03

1.02-1.71

1.33

0.03

1.03-1.72

1.32

0.03

1.03-1.70

20000-40000

1.64

<0.01

1.23-2.18

1.63

<0.01

1.22-2.17

1.63

<0.01

1.22-2.18

1.64

<0.01

1.23-2.19

1.63

<0.01

1.22-2.18

40000-60000

2.00

<0.01

1.39-2.86

1.97

<0.01

1.37-2.83

1.97

<0.01

1.37-2.83

1.93

<0.01

1.35-2.77

1.95

<0.01

1.36-2.80

60000-80000

2.72

<0.01

1.74-4.26

2.70

<0.01

1.72-4.24

2.79

<0.01

1.77-4.40

2.79

<0.01

1.77-4.39

2.77

<0.01

1.76-4.34

80000-100000

2.27

<0.01

1.54-3.36

2.23

<0.01

1.51-3.30

2.22

<0.01

1.50-3.29

2.23

<0.01

1.50-3.30

2.24

<0.01

1.51-3.32

Region

               

Remote

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

Cities

2.06

0.02

1.13-3.74

2.07

0.02

1.14-3.77

2.23

<0.01

1.22-4.08

2.16

0.01

1.19-3.93

2.14

0.01

1.18-3.90

Regional

2.09

0.02

1.14-3.81

2.10

0.02

1.15-3.83

2.24

<0.01

1.22-4.10

2.16

0.01

1.18-3.95

2.15

0.01

1.18-3.93

 

n = 3635; Pseudo R2 = 0.09

n = 3635; Pseudo R2 = 0.10

n = 3635; Pseudo R2 = 0.10

n = 3635; Pseudo R2 = 0.10

n = 3635; Pseudo R2 = 0.10

AIC = 3072; BIC = 3159

AIC = 3080; BIC = 3229

AIC = 3073; BIC = 3234

AIC = 3072; BIC = 3184

AIC = 3065; BIC = 3183

  1. aReference group is the participants with only HBP.