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Table 4 Quality assessment of effect estimates of financial incentives on coverage of child vaccination

From: Financial incentives and coverage of child health interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Intervention

No. of studies

Design

Limitations

Consistency

Generalizability to population of interest

Conditionalities related to outcome (no. of studies)

Overall quality of evidence

Mean difference (95% CI)

BCG coverage

Conditional cash transfer

3

RCT/Cluster RCT/Cohort

>20% attrition in cohort study and not peer-reviewed

Inconsistent

Bangladesh, Jamaica and Nicaragua

Preventive health visits (2)

Moderate

0.00 (-0.04; 0.04)

Conditional microcredit

2

Cluster RCT/Cohort

Analysis of cRCT does not account for clustering.

Consistent, both studies show benefit

Bolivia and Ghana

Preventive health visits (1)

Low

0.09 (-0.02; 0.20)

DPT-1 coverage

Conditional cash transfer

2

RCT/Cross-sectional

Reverse causality possible in one study which is also not peer-reviewed

Inconsistent

Bangladesh and Colombia

Preventive health visits (1)

Low

0.06 (-0.01; 0.12)

Unconditional microcredit

1

Cross-sectional

Only one study

-

Bangladesh

-

Low

-0.02 (-0.19; 0.15)

Conditional microcredit

2

Cluster RCT/Cohort

Analysis of cRCT does not account for clustering.

Inconsistent

Bolivia and Ghana

Health education (2)

Low

-0.02 (-0.23; 0.19)

Conditional voucher

1

Cluster RCT

Only one study

-

Honduras

Preventive health visits (1)

Low

0.07 (0.01; 0.13)

DPT-3 coverage

Conditional cash transfer

3

RCT/Cluster RCT/Cohort

>20% attrition in cohort study and not peer-reviewed

Inconsistent

Bangladesh, Jamaica and Nicaragua

Preventive health visits (2)

Moderate

0.01 (-0.03; 0.06)

Conditional microcredit

2

Cluster RCT/Cohort

Analysis of cRCT does not account for clustering.

Inconsistent

Bolivia and Ghana

Health education (2)

Low

0.03 (-0.20; 0.27)

MVC coverage

Conditional cash transfer

3

RCT/Cluster RCT/Cohort

>20% attrition in cohort study and not peer-reviewed

Inconsistent

Bangladesh, Jamaica and Nicaragua

Preventive health visits (2)

Moderate

-0.01 (-0.11; 0.09)

Unconditional microcredit

1

Cross-sectional

Only one study

-

Bangladesh

-

Low

0.09 (0.08; 0.11)

Conditional microcredit

2

Cluster RCT/Cohort

Analysis of cRCT does not account for clustering

Inconsistent

Bolivia and Ghana

Health education (2)

Low

-0.04 (-0.46; 0.38)

Conditional voucher

1

Cluster RCT

Only one study

-

Honduras

Preventive health visits (1)

Low

0.00 (-0.09; 0.09)

OPV-3 coverage

Conditional cash transfer

3

RCT/Cluster RCT /Cohort

>20% attrition in cohort study and not peer-reviewed

Inconsistent

Bangladesh, Jamaica and Nicaragua

Preventive health visits (2)

Moderate

0.03 (-0.04; 0.11)

Conditional microcredit

2

Cluster RCT/Cohort

Analysis of cRCT does not account for clustering

Consistent, both studies show negative effect

Bolivia and Ghana

Health education (2)

Low

-0.07 (-0.18; 0.03)

Any vaccination coverage

Conditional cash transfer

1

Cross-sectional

Only one study

-

Peru

Preventive health visits (1)

Low

0.22 (0.12; 0.32)

Unconditional microcredit

1

Cross-sectional

Only one study

-

Pakistan

-

Low

0.08 (-0.00; 0.17)

Conditional microcredit

2

Cluster RCT/Cohort

Analysis of cRCT does not account for clustering

Inconsistent

Bolivia and Ghana

Health education (2)

Low

0.06 (-0.21; 0.34)

Full vaccination coverage

Unconditional cash transfer

1

Cluster RCT

Study not published yet

-

Zimbabwe

-

Low

0.03 (-0.04; 0.10)

Conditional cash transfer

4

RCT/Cluster RCT

Different age groups (<2y and <5y)

Consistent, all studies show benefit

Nicaragua, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe

Immunization and preventive health visits (3)

Moderate

0.05 (-0.01; 0.10)