Table 1 Summary of findings for the effect of breastfeeding promotion interventions on exclusive breastfeeding rates.
From: Breastfeeding promotion interventions and breastfeeding practices: a systematic review
Quality Assessment | Summary of Findings | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Directness | No of events | Â | Â | |||||
No of Studies | Design | Limitations | Consistency | Generalizability to population of interest | Generalizability to intervention of interest | Intervention | Control | Relative Risk (95% CI) | Comments |
Rate of exclusive breastfeeding at day 1: low outcome-specific quality | |||||||||
15 | 6 RCTs [14, 40, 49, 70, 71, 74], 9 QE [21, 32, 45, 48, 56, 59, 64, 85, 88] | Studies used different follow up periods and recall criteria. Mothers in the intervention group may have over-reported feeding practices. | 6 of 15 studies suggest benefit. Significant heterogeneity | 10 out of 15 studies were conducted in developed countries | Pooled results for different types of interventions. | 4093 | 6316 | 1.43 [1.09, 1.87] | Random effects meta-analysis due to heterogeneity. The majority of studies used individual counseling as the intervention; most were facility and community-based. |
Rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 0-1 month : Low outcome-specific quality | |||||||||
30 | 22 RCTs, 8 QE [13, 17–19, 21, 22, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 52, 53, 55–57, 60, 61, 65, 66, 68, 71–74, 76, 81, 84, 85] | Studies used different follow up periods. Recall criteria variable across studies (past 24 hr, past week or previous month). Mothers in the intervention group may have over-reported feeding practices. | 15 of 30 studies suggest benefit. Significant heterogeneity | 19 of 30 studies were conducted in developed countries | Pooled results for different types of interventions | 1512 | 1276 | 1.30 [1.19, 1.42] | Random effects meta-analysis due to heterogeneity. The majority of studies used individual counseling as the intervention; most were facility and community-based. |
Rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 1-6 months : low outcome-specific quality | |||||||||
53 | 34 RCTs, 19 QE [11–14, 19, 20, 22, 33–38, 40–52, 54, 57–59, 61–65, 67, 69, 71–83, 85–87] | Variable follow up periods used in studies. Recall criteria variable across studies (past 24 hr, past week or previous month). Mothers in the intervention group may have over-reported feeding practices. | 21 of 53 studies suggest benefit. Significant heterogeneity | 29 of 53 studies were conducted in developed countries | Pooled results for different types of interventions | 5481 | 4897 | 1.90 [1.54, 2.34] | Random effects meta-analysis due to heterogeneity. The majority of studies used individual counseling as the intervention; most were facility and community-based |