Skip to main content

Table 5 Distribution of diarrhea prevalence by determinant factors of food-hygiene practices among children aged 12 – 59 months

From: Association of food-hygiene practices and diarrhea prevalence among Indonesian young children from low socioeconomic urban areas

Food-hygiene practicesa

Total n

Diarrhea

%

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)b

p-value

House and environmental condition (n = 274)

     

  Clean inside the house

134

7

0.46 (0.20–1.05)

0.07

0.68 (0.27–1.68)

0.40

  Clean surrounding the house

139

8

0.60 (0.27–1.33)

0.21

0.69 (0.29–1.64)

0.40

  Existence and less dirty sewage

74

3

0.19 (0.04–0.80)*

0.02*

0.16 (0.03–0.73)*

0.02*

  Existence of latrine

172

12

1.89 (0.77–4.61)

0.16

1.53 (0.62–3.92)

0.37

  Latrine with closet and septic tank

105

13

1.70 (0.78–3.73)

0.18

1.43 (0.62–3.29)

0.41

  Child’s faeces was thrown in latrine

138

7

0.51 (0.23–1.15)

0.11

0.62 (0.27–1.46)

0.28

  Other family defecated in latrine

241

11

1.87 (0.42–8.29)

0.41

1.63 (0.35–7.58)

0.53

  Closed domestic waste disposal

145

10

0.87 (0.40–1.90)

0.73

0.96 (0.42–2.21)

0.93

Mother’s hand washing (n = 274)

      

  Before preparing food

80

9

0.79 (0.32–1.94)

0.61

0.79 (0.31–2.04)

0.62

  Before feeding the child

240

11

4.18 (0.55–31.8)

0.17

4.16 (0.53–32.8)

0.18

  Using water and soap

193

9

0.73 (0.32–1.66)

0.45

0.71 (0.30–1.70)

0.45

Child’s hand washing (n = 274)

      

  Before eating a meal

185

10

1.02 (0.44–2.35)

0.97

1.08 (0.45–2.61)

0.86

  After defecating or urinating

49

10

1.00 (0.36–2.77)

0.99

1.14 (0.39–3.32)

0.81

  Using water and soap

154

10

0.89 (0.41–1.95)

0.77

0.87 (0.38–1.99)

0.74

Food preparation (n = 274)

      

  Food cooked by mother

201

10

1.10 (0.45–2.71)

0.84

1.00 (0.38–2.62)

0.99

  Cooked special food for childc

75

16

2.48 (0.99–6.19)

0.05

2.56 (0.88–7.58)

0.08

  Food holding time before eaten <1 hour

151

10

0.93 (0.43–2.04)

0.86

0.78 (0.34–1.78)

0.55

  Reheating the food before child eatingd

191

9

0.46 (1.18–1.13)

0.09

0.48 (0.18–1.28)

0.14

  Feeding child with warm or hot food

150

11

1.31 (0.59–2.92)

0.50

1.16 (0.49–2.74)

0.74

  Store food covered or closed

254

10

1.03 (0.23–4.67)

0.97

0.93 (0.19–4.41)

0.92

Cleanliness of utensils (n = 274)

      

  Wash utensils inside house

236

11

2.23 (0.51–9.80)

0.29

1.97 (0.43–9.11)

0.38

  Wash utensils with flowing tap water

76

9

0.86 (0.35–2.10)

0.73

0.86 (0.33–2.21)

0.75

  Change water in the pail

225

9

0.50 (0.21–1.21)

0.13

0.48 (0.18–1.26)

0.14

Water source and safe drinking water(n = 274)

     

  Piped water source

72

10

0.93 (0.38–2.29)

0.87

0.97 (0.37–2.51)

0.94

  Existence of septic tank

106

13

1.67 (0.76–3.67)

0.20

1.41 (0.61–3.25)

0.42

  Refill or branded drinking water source

57

11

1.04 (0.40–2.71)

0.93

1.02 (0.37–2.80)

0.98

  Cover on water storage

270

10

1.32 (0.37–4.76)

0.67

1.06 (0.28–4.07)

0.93

Habits of buying cooked food (n = 274)

      

  Not Frequently bought street food

109

7

0.57 (0.24–1.35)

0.21

0.52 (0.21–1.29)

0.16

  Bought hot food from outside

159

13

1.92 (0.82–4.54)

0.14

1.71 (0.69–4.26)

0.25

  Food given to child were still hot

235

11

1.43 (0.41–4.98)

0.58

1.48 (0.38–5.73)

0.57

  If the food still hot, food directly eaten

193

9

0.61 (0.27–1.38)

0.24

0.71 (0.30–1.67)

0.43

  Not frequently bought snack

29

17

2.01 (0.70–5.77)

0.19

1.43 (0.43–4.75)

0.56

  Bought package snack

188

13

3.00 (1.01–8.93)*

0.048

2.37 (0.76–7.35)

0.14

Child’s bottle feeding hygiene

      

  Using bottle feeding (n = 155)

96

13

2.67 (0.71–9.88)

0.14

3.33 (0.78–14.2)

0.10

  Bottle was washed and boiled (n = 96)

24

8

0.56 (0.11–2.78)

0.48

0.67 (0.11–3.97)

0.66

  Clean bottle milk (n = 95)

32

6

0.35 (0.07–1.72)

0.20

0.22 (0.03–1.53)

0.13

  1. Note: OR, odd ratio.
  2. aVariables are categorical and indicate favorable practice, except for the variable of 'using bottle feeding” that was undesired practice.
  3. bAdjusted for age, weight-for-height z-score, immunization status, family size and number of under-five children living under the same roof.
  4. cn = 201; d n = 234.
  5. *Statistical significant at p < 0.05, X 2 test.
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us